The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XXIII
MOTOR VEHICLES

Chapter 323
WRECKER OPERATORS

View Entire Chapter

CHAPTER 323

WRECKER OPERATORS

323.001 Wrecker operator storage facilities; vehicle holds.

323.002 County and municipal wrecker operator systems; penalties for operation outside of system.

323.001 Wrecker operator storage facilities; vehicle holds.—

(1) An investigating agency may place a hold on a motor vehicle stored within a wrecker operator’s storage facility for a period not to exceed 5 days, excluding holidays and weekends, unless extended in writing.

(2) The investigating agency must notify the wrecker operator in writing within 5 days, excluding holidays and weekends, whether the hold is to be continued. If no notification follows this period of time, the wrecker operator may release the vehicle to the designated person pursuant to s. 713.78.

(a) If the hold is to continue beyond 5 days, excluding holidays and weekends, the investigating agency may have the vehicle removed to a designated impound lot, in which event the vehicle will not be released by the investigating agency to the owner or lienholder of the vehicle until proof of payment of the towing and storage charges incurred by the wrecker operator is presented to the investigating agency.

(b) If the investigating agency chooses to have the vehicle remain at the wrecker operator’s storage facility beyond 5 days, excluding holidays and weekends, pursuant to the written notification, the investigating agency shall be responsible for payment of the storage charges incurred by the wrecker operator for the requested extended period. In such an event, the owner or lienholder shall be responsible for payment of accrued towing and storage charges for the first 5 days, excluding holidays and weekends, or any period less than the first 5 days, excluding holidays and weekends, when the investigating agency either moves the vehicle from the wrecker operator’s storage facility to a designated impound lot or provides written notification to extend the hold on the vehicle prior to the expiration of the 5 days, excluding holidays and weekends.

(c) The towing and storage rates for the owner or lienholder of the held vehicle shall not exceed the contract or county rates.

(3) If there is a judicial finding of no probable cause for having continued the immobilization or impoundment, the investigating agency ordering the hold must pay the accrued charges for any towing and storage.

(4) The requirements for a written hold apply when the following conditions are present:

(a) The officer has probable cause to believe the vehicle should be seized and forfeited under the Florida Contraband Forfeiture Act, ss. 932.701-932.7062;

(b) The officer has probable cause to believe the vehicle should be seized and forfeited under chapter 379;

(d) The officer has probable cause to believe that the vehicle is itself evidence that tends to show that a crime has been committed or that the vehicle contains evidence, which cannot readily be removed, which tends to show that a crime has been committed;

(e) The officer has probable cause to believe the vehicle was involved in a traffic accident resulting in death or personal injury and should be sealed for investigation and collection of evidence by a vehicular homicide investigator;

(f) The vehicle is impounded or immobilized pursuant to s. 316.193 or s. 322.34; or

(g) The officer is complying with a court order.

(5) The hold must be in writing and must specify:

(a) The name and agency of the law enforcement officer placing the hold on the vehicle;

(b) The date and time the hold is placed on the vehicle;

(c) A general description of the vehicle, including its color, make, model, body style, and year; VIN (Vehicle Identification Number); registration license plate number, state, and year; and validation sticker number, state, and year;

(d) The specific reason for placing the hold;

(e) The condition of the vehicle;

(f) The location where the vehicle is being held; and

(g) The name, address, and telephone number of the wrecker operator and the storage facility.

(6) A wrecker operator’s storage facility must comply with a hold placed by a law enforcement officer, including instructions for inside or outside storage. A wrecker operator’s storage facility may not release a motor vehicle subject to a hold to any person except as directed by the law enforcement agency placing the hold.

(7) When a vehicle owner is found guilty of, or pleads nolo contendere to, the offense that resulted in a hold being placed on his or her vehicle, regardless of the adjudication of guilt, the owner must pay the accrued towing and storage charges assessed against the vehicle.

History.—s. 2, ch. 98-324; s. 110, ch. 99-13; s. 9, ch. 2000-197; s. 71, ch. 2001-61; s. 14, ch. 2002-264; s. 2, ch. 2005-137; s. 65, ch. 2008-4; s. 31, ch. 2009-21; s. 8, ch. 2016-179.

323.002 County and municipal wrecker operator systems; penalties for operation outside of system.—

(1) As used in this section, the term:

(a) “Authorized wrecker operator” means any wrecker operator who has been designated as part of the wrecker operator system established by the governmental unit having jurisdiction over the scene of a wrecked or disabled vehicle.

(b) “Unauthorized wrecker operator” means any wrecker operator who has not been designated as part of the wrecker operator system established by the governmental unit having jurisdiction over the scene of a wrecked or disabled vehicle.

(c) “Wrecker operator system” means a system for the towing or removal of wrecked, disabled, or abandoned vehicles, similar to the Florida Highway Patrol wrecker operator system described in s. 321.051(2), under which a county or municipality contracts with one or more wrecker operators for the towing or removal of wrecked, disabled, or abandoned vehicles from accident scenes, streets, or highways. A wrecker operator system shall include using a method for apportioning the towing assignments among the eligible wrecker operators through the creation of geographic zones, a rotation schedule, or a combination of these methods.

(2) In any county or municipality that operates a wrecker operator system:

(a) It is unlawful for an unauthorized wrecker operator or its employees or agents to monitor police radio for communications between patrol field units and the dispatcher in order to determine the location of a wrecked or disabled vehicle for the purpose of driving by the scene of such vehicle in a manner described in paragraph (b) or paragraph (c). Any person who violates this paragraph commits a noncriminal violation, punishable as provided in s. 775.083, and the person’s wrecker, tow truck, or other motor vehicle that was used during the offense may be immediately removed and impounded pursuant to subsection (3).

(b) It is unlawful for an unauthorized wrecker operator to drive by the scene of a wrecked or disabled vehicle before the arrival of an authorized wrecker operator, initiate contact with the owner or operator of such vehicle by soliciting or offering towing services, and tow such vehicle. Any person who violates this paragraph commits a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083, and the person’s wrecker, tow truck, or other motor vehicle that was used during the offense may be immediately removed and impounded pursuant to subsection (3).

(c) When an unauthorized wrecker operator drives by the scene of a wrecked or disabled vehicle and the owner or operator initiates contact by signaling the wrecker operator to stop and provide towing services, the unauthorized wrecker operator must disclose in writing to the owner or operator of the vehicle his or her full name and driver license number, that he or she is not the authorized wrecker operator who has been designated as part of the wrecker operator system, that the motor vehicle is not being towed for the owner’s or operator’s insurance company or lienholder, whether he or she has in effect an insurance policy providing at least $300,000 of liability insurance and at least $50,000 of on-hook cargo insurance, and the maximum charges for towing and storage which will apply before the vehicle is connected to the towing apparatus. The unauthorized wrecker operator must also provide a copy of the disclosure to the owner or operator in the presence of a law enforcement officer if such officer is at the scene of a motor vehicle accident. Any person who violates this paragraph commits a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083, and the person’s wrecker, tow truck, or other motor vehicle that was used during the offense may be immediately removed and impounded pursuant to subsection (3).

(d) At the scene of a wrecked or disabled vehicle, it is unlawful for a wrecker operator to falsely identify himself or herself as being part of the wrecker operator system. Any person who violates this paragraph commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083, and the person’s wrecker, tow truck, or other motor vehicle that was used during the offense may be immediately removed and impounded pursuant to subsection (3).

(3)(a) A law enforcement officer from any local governmental agency or state law enforcement agency may cause to be immediately removed and impounded from the scene of a wrecked or disabled vehicle, at the unauthorized wrecker operator’s expense, any wrecker, tow truck, or other motor vehicle that is used in violation of any provision of subsection (2). The impounded wrecker, tow truck, or other motor vehicle must be stored at an authorized law enforcement impound yard. The unauthorized wrecker operator shall be assessed a cost recovery fine as provided in paragraph (b) by the authority that ordered the immediate removal and impoundment of the wrecker, tow truck, or other motor vehicle. A wrecker, tow truck, or other motor vehicle that is removed and impounded pursuant to this section may not be released from an impound or towing and storage facility before a release form is completed by the authority that ordered the immediate removal and impoundment of the wrecker, tow truck, or other motor vehicle which verifies that the cost recovery fine has been paid to the authority. The vehicle must remain impounded until the fine is paid or until the vehicle is sold at public sale pursuant to s. 713.78.

(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the unauthorized wrecker operator, upon retrieval of the wrecker, tow truck, or other motor vehicle removed or impounded pursuant to this section, and in addition to any other penalties that may be imposed for noncriminal violations, shall pay a cost recovery fine of $500 for a first violation of subsection (2), or a fine of $1,000 for each subsequent violation of subsection (2), to the authority that ordered the immediate removal and impoundment of the wrecker, tow truck, or other motor vehicle. Cost recovery funds collected under this subsection shall be retained by the authority that ordered the removal and impoundment of the wrecker, tow truck, or other motor vehicle and may be used only for the enforcement, investigation, prosecution, and training related to towing violations and crimes involving motor vehicles.

(c) Notwithstanding any other provision of law and in addition to the cost recovery fine required by this subsection, a person who violates any provision of subsection (2) shall pay the fees associated with the removal and storage of the unauthorized wrecker, tow truck, or other motor vehicle.

(4)(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b), a county or municipality may not adopt or maintain in effect an ordinance or rule that imposes a charge, cost, expense, fine, fee, or penalty on an authorized wrecker operator, the registered owner or other legally authorized person in control of a vehicle or vessel, or the lienholder of a vehicle or vessel when the vehicle or vessel is towed by an authorized wrecker operator under this chapter.

(b) A county or municipality may adopt or maintain an ordinance or rule that imposes a reasonable administrative fee or charge on the registered owner or other legally authorized person in control of a vehicle or vessel that is towed by an authorized wrecker operator, not to exceed 25 percent of the maximum towing rate, to cover the cost of enforcement, including parking enforcement, by the county or municipality when the vehicle or vessel is towed from public property. An authorized wrecker operator or towing business may impose and collect the administrative fee or charge on behalf of the county or municipality and shall remit such fee or charge to the county or municipality only after it is collected.

(5) Subsection (4) does not apply to the towing or immobilization licensing, regulatory, or enforcement program of a charter county described in s. 125.01047(3) or (4). Such charter county may impose a charge, cost, expense, fine, fee, or penalty on an authorized wrecker operator in connection with a violation of the towing or immobilization program requirements as set forth by ordinance, resolution, or regulation.

(6) This section does not prohibit, or in any way prevent, the owner or operator of a vehicle involved in an accident or otherwise disabled from contacting any wrecker operator for the provision of towing services, whether the wrecker operator is an authorized wrecker operator or not.

History.—s. 3, ch. 98-324; s. 73, ch. 2012-181; s. 65, ch. 2013-160; s. 62, ch. 2014-17; s. 37, ch. 2014-216; s. 5, ch. 2020-174.

F.S. 323 on Google Scholar

F.S. 323 on Casetext

Amendments to 323

Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 323

Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S323.002 2b - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - UNLAWFUL WRECKER SVC SOLICITING BUSN AT SCENE - M: S

S323.002 2c - FRAUD - FAIL DISCLOSE ID AUTH WRECKER AT SC OF WRECK - M: S

S323.002 2d - FRAUD-IMPERSON - GIVE FALSE ID AS BEING AUTH WRECKER - M: F

S481.323 1a - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - PRACTICE AS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT WO LICENSE - M: F

S481.323 1b - FRAUD-IMPERSON - USE TITLE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT WITHOUT LICENSE - M: F

S481.323 1c - FRAUD-IMPERSON - PRESENT ANOTHERS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT LICENSE - M: F

S481.323 1d - PASS FORGED - EVID LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT LIC BOARD OR MEMBER - M: F

S481.323 1d - FRAUD-FALSE STATEMENT - EVID LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT LIC BOARD OR MEMBER - M: F

S481.323 1e - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - USE SUSPENDED ETC LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT LICENSE - M: F

S481.323 1f - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - EMPLOY UNLICENSED LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT - M: F

S481.323 1g - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - AID AND ABET UNAUTH PRACT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT - M: F

S481.323 1h - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - CONCEAL LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT LICENSE VIOLATION - M: F

Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

P. BARR, v. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF POLITICAL CONSULTANTS, INC., 140 S. Ct. 2335 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Kansas , 264 U.S. 286, 289-290, 44 S.Ct. 323, 68 L.Ed. 686 (1924) ("A statute bad in part is not necessarily . . .

ESPINOZA, v. MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,, 140 S. Ct. 2246 (U.S. 2020)

. . . McConnell, supra , at 323. . . .

JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES L. L. C. v. RUSSO, v. LLC., 140 S. Ct. 2103 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Gee , 814 F.3d 319, 322-323 (2016). . . . Gee , 814 F.3d 319, 322-323 (2016). . . .

SEILA LAW LLC, v. CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU, 140 S. Ct. 2183 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Kansas , 264 U.S. 286, 289-290, 44 S.Ct. 323, 68 L.Ed. 686 (1924). . . . L. 323, 334-344 (2016). Historical understandings thus belie the majority's "general rule." . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. THURAISSIGIAM, 140 S. Ct. 1959 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See Ex parte Endo , 323 U.S. 283, 297-299, 65 S.Ct. 208, 89 L.Ed. 243 (1944). . . . In re Bonner , 151 U.S. 242, 261, 14 S.Ct. 323, 38 L.Ed. 149 (1894). . . .

L. BAXTER v. BRACEY,, 140 S. Ct. 1862 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Rev. 323, 341-361 (1992), and Achtenberg, A "Milder Measure of Villainy": The Unknown History of 42 U . . .

FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT AND MANAGEMENT BOARD FOR PUERTO RICO, v. AURELIUS INVESTMENT, LLC, LLC, III v. LLC, v. LLC, n De De La El Y v., 140 S. Ct. 1649 (U.S. 2020)

. . . United States , 301 U.S. 308, 323, 57 S.Ct. 764, 81 L.Ed. 1122 (1937) (territorial legislators may exercise . . . United States , 301 U.S. 308, 322-323, 57 S.Ct. 764, 81 L.Ed. 1122 (1937). . . .

KELLY, v. UNITED STATES, 140 S. Ct. 1565 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Id., at 323. . . .

GEORGIA, v. PUBLIC. RESOURCE. ORG, INC., 140 S. Ct. 1498 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Swift & Co. , 323 U.S. 134, 65 S.Ct. 161, 89 L.Ed. 124 (1944). . . .

COUNTY OF MAUI, HAWAII, v. HAWAII WILDLIFE FUND,, 140 S. Ct. 1462 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Swift & Co. , 323 U.S. 134, 139-140, 65 S.Ct. 161, 89 L.Ed. 124 (1944). . . .

RAMOS, v. LOUISIANA, 140 S. Ct. 1390 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Oswald , 1 U.S. (1 Dall.) 319, 323, 1 L.Ed. 155 (Pa. 1788) (reporting Chief Justice McKean's observations . . . Louisiana , 447 U.S. 323, 331, 100 S.Ct. 2214, 65 L.Ed.2d 159 (1980) (plurality opinion) (describing . . . United States , 323 U.S. 214, 65 S.Ct. 193, 89 L.Ed. 194 (1944) ; Plessy v. . . . Louisiana , 447 U.S. 323, 330-331, 100 S.Ct. 2214, 65 L.Ed.2d 159 (1980) (plurality opinion) ("[T]he . . .

MCKINNEY, v. ARIZONA, 140 S. Ct. 702 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Kentucky , 479 U.S. 314, 322-323, 107 S.Ct. 708, 93 L.Ed.2d 649 (1987). . . . See Griffith , 479 U.S. at 322-323, 107 S.Ct. 708. . . .

MONASKY, v. TAGLIERI, 140 S. Ct. 719 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See 7 Oxford English Dictionary, at 322-323; Webster's Third New International Dictionary, at 1082. . . .

ROMAN CATHOLIC ARCHDIOCESE OF SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO v. ACEVEDO FELICIANO,, 140 S. Ct. 696 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Roman Catholic Apostolic Church in Porto Rico , 210 U.S. 296, 323-324, 28 S.Ct. 737, 52 L.Ed. 1068 (1908 . . . See 210 U.S. at 310-311, 323-324, 28 S.Ct. 737. . . . Paris, and its property rights solemnly safeguarded.' " App. to Pet. for Cert. 7 (quoting 210 U.S. at 323 . . .

V. SCHNEIDER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, 140 S. Ct. 637 (U.S. 2019)

. . . COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE; No. 19-323 Supreme Court of the United States. . . .

V. SCHNEIDER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, 140 S. Ct. 383 (U.S. 2019)

. . . COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE No. 19-323 Supreme Court of the United States. . . .

UNITED STATES, v. ROMERO, Jr., 935 F.3d 1124 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Johnson , 555 U.S. 323, 331, 129 S.Ct. 781, 172 L.Ed.2d 694 (2009) ("[T]he risk of a violent encounter . . .

ELHADY, v. H. KABLE,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 562 (E.D. Va. 2019)

. . . MSJ Ex. 25 at 323:6-9; Pls.' MSJ Ex. 28 at 254:5-255:8, 261:9-21, 276:13-18. . . .

V. CASSIDY, v. HALYARD HEALTH, INC., 391 F. Supp. 3d 474 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Saint Gobain Corp. , 323 F. Supp. 2d 637, 641 (E.D. Pa. 2004) (citing Goodman v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. TAYLOR, v., 935 F.3d 1279 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Levin , 874 F.3d 316, 323-24 (1st Cir. 2017) ; Horton , 863 F.3d at 1050 ; United States v. . . . See, e.g. , Levin , 874 F.3d at 323 (determining that there was "no benefit in deterring" the government . . . Levin , 874 F.3d 316, 323 (1st Cir. 2017) ; see also United States v. . . .

M. HASAN, M. D. G. v. AIG PROPERTY CASUALTY COMPANY, a, 935 F.3d 1092 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . II at 323. Such delay implies that the bottles were not promptly purchased by Premier Cru. . . .

SELECT SPECIALTY HOSPITAL- DENVER, INC. v. M. AZAR II, U. S., 391 F. Supp. 3d 53 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Thompson (CHMP ), 323 F.3d 782, 799 (9th Cir. 2003) ; GCI Health Ctrs., Inc. v. . . .

CHAMBERLAIN GROUP, INC. v. TECHTRONIC INDUSTRIES CO. OWT ET Co., 935 F.3d 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Rockwell Int'l Corp. , 323 F.3d 1332, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2003). . . .

ZUNIGA, v. P. BARR,, 934 F.3d 1083 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Swift & Co. , 323 U.S. 134, 140, 65 S.Ct. 161, 89 L.Ed. 124 (1944) (explaining that "[t]he weight of" . . .

UNITED STATES v. WILLIAMS, Sr., 934 F.3d 1122 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . III at 323. . . .

BACA v. COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF STATE, G. T. L. M., 935 F.3d 887 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Cohen , 146 Misc. 836, 262 N.Y.S. 320, 323-24 (N.Y. Sup. . . .

UNITED STATES v. O LAUGHLIN, 934 F.3d 840 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Texas , 441 U.S. 418, 428, 99 S.Ct. 1804, 60 L.Ed.2d 323 (1979) ("In a civil commitment state power is . . .

ANZA TECHNOLOGY, INC. v. MUSHKIN, INC., 934 F.3d 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Co. , 323 U.S. 574, 580-81, 65 S.Ct. 421, 89 L.Ed. 465 (1945) (holding, in a rail-road negligence case . . .

SENNE v. KANSAS CITY ROYALS BASEBALL CORP. LLC LLC LP St. LLC LLC LLC LLC L. P. L. P. LLC LLC L. P. AZPB L. P. P LLC LLC LP LLP LLC LLC,, 934 F.3d 918 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Harrah's Club , 16 Cal. 3d 313, 316, 323, 128 Cal.Rptr. 215, 546 P.2d 719 (1976) (applying California . . .

AMAZON. COM, INC. v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,, 934 F.3d 976 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Veritas , 133 T.C. at 323. . . . Id. at 323 n.31 (quoting Treas. Reg. § 1.482-4(b) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. NORMAN,, 935 F.3d 232 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Hemingway , 734 F.3d 323, 335 (4th Cir. 2013) (holding that a previous case, which assumed a sentencing . . .

DEJORIA, v. MAGHREB PETROLEUM EXPLORATION, S. A., 935 F.3d 381 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . The Chemshare Corp. , 93 S.W.3d 323, 331 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (same). . . .

ZEHENTBAUER FAMILY LAND, LP LP v. CHESAPEAKE EXPLORATION, L. L. C. L. L. C. E P USA,, 935 F.3d 496 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bell Mobile Sys. , 323 F.3d 32, 42 (1st Cir. 2003) (finding predominance satisfied because "[t]he case . . .

UNITED STATES v. SCANZANI,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 210 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . to warrants that ... broadly authorize seizure of evidence related to a defendant's state of mind." 323 . . . records and evidence separate from, and unrelated to, the allegedly criminal transactions themselves." 323 . . .

YOUKHANNA v. CITY OF STERLING HEIGHTS C., 934 F.3d 508 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Philadelphia , 539 F.3d 311, 323-24 (3d Cir. 2008) ("[N]eighbors surely would be impacted directly . . .

JEFFERIES, v. UNC REGIONAL PHYSICIANS PEDIATRICS, 392 F. Supp. 3d 620 (M.D.N.C. 2019)

. . . Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-25, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). . . .

IN RE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE S SUNDAY TICKET ANTITRUST LITIGATION, Jr. v. LLC LLC NFL LLC LLC LP LLC LLC NFL LP LLC LP LLC LP Co. LLC LP LLC, 933 F.3d 1136 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Md. 1962), aff'd , 323 F.2d 124 (4th Cir. 1963). . . .

SMITH, OSF v. OSF HEALTHCARE SYSTEM,, 933 F.3d 859 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes of Fort Peck Reservation , 323 F.3d 767, 773-74 (9th Cir. 2003) (denial of . . .

ANIMAL LEGAL DEFENSE FUND, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 933 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Budget Rent-A-Car , 97 F.3d 319, 323 (9th Cir. 1996). . . .

LAFFERTY, v. BENZON,, 933 F.3d 1237 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dugger, 498 U.S. 308, 323, 111 S.Ct. 731, 112 L.Ed.2d 812 (1991), for the proposition that a federal . . .

UNITED STATES EX REL. CHARTE v. AMERICAN TUTOR, INC. Jr. Sr., 934 F.3d 346 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . City & Cty. of San Francisco , 545 U.S. 323, 342, 125 S.Ct. 2491, 162 L.Ed.2d 315 (2005). . . .

SHIRLEY v. ALLSTATE INSURANCE CO., 392 F. Supp. 3d 1185 (S.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Celotex Corp. , 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. . . .

COEUR D ALENE TRIBE, a v. W. HAWKS A., 933 F.3d 1052 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 323, 98 S.Ct. 1079. . . .

JANJUA, v. NEUFELD, USCIS T. USCIS K. U. S. U. S. P. U. S., 933 F.3d 1061 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Durham, N.C. , 183 F.3d 323 (4th Cir. 1999) ; McLaughlin v. . . .

ELI LILLY AND COMPANY, v. HOSPIRA, INC. v. Dr. s Dr. s, 933 F.3d 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Reddy's Labs., Ltd. , 323 F. Supp. 3d 1042 (S.D. . . . DRL Decision , 323 F. Supp. 3d at 1046-48. . . .

UNITED STATES v. NG LAP SENG, Ng, Ng W. C., 934 F.3d 110 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . government, and the character of those who exercise government authority"); The Federalist No. 51, at 323 . . .

MOGARD, v. CITY OF MILBANK,, 932 F.3d 1184 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Hot Springs , 323 F.3d 596, 601 (8th Cir. 2003) (plaintiff's "speculat[ion]" that public employer . . .

BAKALIAN v. CENTRAL BANK OF REPUBLIC OF TURKEY T. C. v. T. C. v. T. C. v. T. C., 932 F.3d 1229 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . INS , 323 F.3d 150, 155-57 (1st Cir. 2003). . . .

CONSTANCE S. v. SAUL,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 583 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Berryhill , 888 F.3d 323, 329 (7th Cir. 2018) (occasional means up to two hours of every workday). . . .

CHAVEZ, De E. De De De v. OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION, a, 933 F.3d 186 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . BHH, LLC , 323 F. . . .

O NEAL, v. BALCARCEL,, 933 F.3d 618 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ct. 2187, 2197, 192 L.Ed.2d 323 (2015). . . .

AJINOMOTO CO. INC. v. INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION, CJ CJ PT CJ CJ PT v. Co., 932 F.3d 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Novo Indus., L.P. , 323 F.3d 989, 995 (Fed. Cir. 2003). . . .

UNITED STATES v. BOTELLO- ZEPEDA,, 933 F.3d 452 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Segura , 747 F.3d 323, 327 (5th Cir. 2014). . . .

IN RE GOOGLE INC. COOKIE PLACEMENT CONSUMER PRIVACY LITIGATION H., 934 F.3d 316 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . It acknowledged additional factors to consider under Prudential , 148 F.3d at 323, and In re Baby Prods . . . acknowledged the additional factors we suggested district courts consider in Prudential , 148 F.3d at 323 . . . Sales Practice Litig. , 148 F.3d 283, 323 (3d Cir. 1998). . . .

ALI, v. U. S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,, 931 F.3d 1327 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . I.N.S. , 208 F.3d 323, 328 (1st Cir. 2000) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. ELDRED, 933 F.3d 110 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Levin , 874 F.3d 316, 323 (1st Cir. 2017) (noting "no benefit in deterring" the government from "turn . . .

OXFORD UNIVERSITY BANK, A N. A. CDO CDO v. LANSUPPE FEEDER, LLC,, 933 F.3d 99 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Catrett , 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). . . .

GEICO CASUALTY COMPANY, v. ISAACSON R. S. Mo. K. M. a, 932 F.3d 721 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Deitrick , 323 S.W.3d 122 (Mo. Ct. App. 2010). . . .

JONES, v. A. BERRYHILL,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 831 (M.D. Tenn. 2019)

. . . . & Welfare , 587 F.2d 321, 323 (6th Cir. 1978). . . . Sec'y of Health, Ed. & Welfare , 587 F.2d 321, 323 (6th Cir. 1978). . . .

PEOPLES GAS SYSTEM, a a v. POSEN CONSTRUCTION, INC. a, 931 F.3d 1337 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Posen Constr., Inc. , 323 F. Supp. 3d 1362, 1366 (M.D. Fla. 2018). . . .

VIRNETX INC. v. APPLE INC., 931 F.3d 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Swift & Co. , 323 U.S. 134, 140, 65 S.Ct. 161, 89 L.Ed. 124 (1944) ). . . .

SILVERTOP ASSOCIATES INC. v. KANGAROO MANUFACTURING INC., 931 F.3d 215 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Lowry , 323 F.3d 805, 810 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding that a sculpture of a jellyfish was not copyrightable . . .

CAMPBELL, H. C. H. v. UNITED STATES,, 932 F.3d 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Tahoe Reg'l Planning Agency , 535 U.S. 302, 323, 122 S.Ct. 1465, 152 L.Ed.2d 517 (2002) (footnote omitted . . .

UNITED STATES v. BOSYK,, 933 F.3d 319 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ante at 323-24. . . .

UNITED STATES v. THOMAS, v., 933 F.3d 685 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Common , 818 F.3d 323, 331 (7th Cir. 2016) (court must first determine "whether the remarks by the prosecutor . . .

SIMMONS, v. SAFEWAY, INC. d b a a, 388 F. Supp. 3d 1305 (W.D. Wash. 2019)

. . . Catrett , 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). . . .

FLORES, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 353 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. . . .

UNITED STATES v. JOHN, 391 F. Supp. 3d 458 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d. 323, 336 (E.D. Pa. 2014) (quoting Leka v. Portuondo, 257 F.3d 89, 101 (2d Cir. 2001) ). . . .

D. FARVER, v. D. MCCARTHY,, 931 F.3d 808 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Catrett , 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). . . .

AL- AMIN, v. WARDEN, GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,, 932 F.3d 1291 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ct. 2187, 2197, 192 L.Ed.2d 323 (2015) ("For reasons of finality, comity, and federalism, habeas petitioners . . .

YOC- US, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES v., 932 F.3d 98 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Johnson , 555 U.S. 323, 333, 129 S.Ct. 781, 172 L.Ed.2d 694 (2009). . . .

E. HANEY, v. J. BRENNAN,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 633 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Saint Gobain Corp. , 323 F. Supp. 2d 637, 641 (E.D. Pa. 2004) (citing Goodman v. . . .

IN RE L. VENANZIO, J. v. U. S., 602 B.R. 921 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . See also In re Bryant, 323 B.R. 635, 639 (Bankr. E.D. . . .

UNITED STATES v. FELDMAN,, 931 F.3d 1245 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Georgia , 398 U.S. 323, 328-29, 90 S.Ct. 1757, 26 L.Ed.2d 300 (1970) (discussing Green 's two independent . . . Salinas , 654 F.2d 319, 323 (5th Cir. 1981). . . . See Salinas , 654 F.2d at 323 ("[A] variance in the proof justifies reversal only where the defendant . . .

UNITED STATES v. LOCKE,, 932 F.3d 196 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Jennings , 323 F.3d 263, 275-76 (4th Cir. 2003) (noting testimony from a municipal judge regarding her . . .

UNITED STATES v. CORNETTE,, 932 F.3d 204 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Hemingway , 734 F.3d 323, 331 (4th Cir. 2013). . . .

UNITED STATES v. CEASAR,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 194 (E.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Doe , 323 F. . . .

UNITED STATES v. GALECKI, v., 932 F.3d 176 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Rhynes , 218 F.d 310, 323 (4th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (holding that a Sixth Amendment constitutional violation . . . See Rhynes , 218 F.3d at 323 (internal quotation marks omitted). . . . See Rhynes , 218 F.3d at 323. . . .

UNITED STATES v. DEL CARPIO FRESCAS,, 932 F.3d 324 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . See Order, Rules of Criminal Procedure, 323 U.S. 821 (1944); id. at 821 (Mem. of Frankfurter, J.). . . .

MCCOTTRELL S. v. WHITE, 933 F.3d 651 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Whitley , 475 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 1078. . . . Whitley , 475 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 1078. . . .

IN RE SCHATZ, v., 602 B.R. 411 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2019)

. . . See Law, 571 U.S. at 424, 134 S.Ct. 1188 (citation omitted); In re Cunningham, 513 F.3d at 323 ("Property . . .

DIXON, v. L. RYAN,, 932 F.3d 789 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ct. 2187, 2197-98, 192 L.Ed.2d 323 (2015) (citations omitted). . . .

UNITED STATES v. POTTS, 389 F. Supp. 3d 352 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Mack , No. 00-323-02, 2019 WL 3297495, at *1-4 (D.N.J. . . .

DEXTER, a k a v. DEALOGIC, LLC,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 233 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . City of Boston, 71 Mass.App.Ct. 460, 883 N.E.2d 316, 323 (2008) ). . . . MBTA, 323 F. Supp. 3d 164, 175 (D. . . .

HUPP R. H. a v. COOK C. R., 931 F.3d 307 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Packaging Corp. of Am. , 673 F.3d 323, 330 (4th Cir. 2012) ). . . .

U. S. COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION, v. MONEX CREDIT COMPANY, 931 F.3d 966 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Swift & Co. , 323 U.S. 134, 65 S.Ct. 161, 89 L.Ed. 124 (1944). . . .

KOALA, v. KHOSLA,, 931 F.3d 887 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Area Transit Auth. , 897 F.3d 314, 323 (D.C. Cir. 2018) ; Verlo v. . . .

FIVE PERCENT NUTRITION, LLC, v. GET FIT FAST SUPPLEMENTS, LLC,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 1093 (M.D. Fla. 2019)

. . . Amway Corp., 323 F.3d 920, 924 n.5 (11th Cir. 2003). . . .

KELLER, v. FLEMING,, 930 F.3d 746 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Columbia , 305 F.3d 314, 323 (5th Cir. 2002). . . .

LUNA- GARCIA, v. P. BARR, U. S., 932 F.3d 285 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gonzales , 548 U.S. 30, 33 n.1, 126 S.Ct. 2422, 165 L.Ed.2d 323 (2006) (noting that removal "largely . . .

MATSON, v. SANDERSON FARMS, INC., 388 F. Supp. 3d 853 (S.D. Tex. 2019)

. . . The signature block listed Dy Wolpert's address as "323 W. . . . Catrett , 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). . . .

FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION, v. R. LOUDERMILK, Sr. C. B. J. III, W. P. L., 930 F.3d 1280 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . (quoting Keeton, supra , § 46, at 323). . . . (quoting Keeton, supra , § 46, at 323, 324). . . .

NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY P. v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 499 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d 323, 333 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7) ). . . .

PRESQUE ISLE COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY, v. HIGHMARK HEALTH, f k a f k a, 391 F. Supp. 3d 485 (W.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Highmark Inc. , 902 F.3d 323, 341 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting Hanover 3201 Realty, LLC v. Vill. . . .

BIGSBY, Jr. v. BARCLAYS CAPITAL REAL ESTATE, INC., 391 F. Supp. 3d 336 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. . . .

IN RE HANNA, DMM s, v., 603 B.R. 571 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2019)

. . . Co. of America, 341 S.W.3d 323, 335-36 (Tex. 2011). . . .

ACE AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, a v. WATTLES COMPANY, a, 930 F.3d 1240 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Atlanta, 323 Ga.App. 70, 746 S.E.2d 698, 702 (2013) (first alteration in original) (citation . . .

CABRERA, v. P. BARR,, 930 F.3d 627 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Swift & Co. , 323 U.S. 134, 140, 65 S.Ct. 161, 89 L.Ed. 124 (1944). . . .

NNEBE, v. DAUS, v., 931 F.3d 66 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Supp. 2d at 323 ). Thus, we need decide only what process is due. . . .

MARINELARENA, v. P. BARR,, 930 F.3d 1039 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Lynch , 829 F.3d 323, 326 n.1 (5th Cir. 2016) (noting the question remains open). . . .