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Florida Statute 872 | Lawyer Caselaw & Research
F.S. 872 Case Law from Google Scholar
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The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XLVI
CRIMES
Chapter 872
OFFENSES CONCERNING DEAD BODIES AND GRAVES
View Entire Chapter
CHAPTER 872
CHAPTER 872
OFFENSES CONCERNING DEAD BODIES AND GRAVES
872.01 Dealing in dead bodies.
872.02 Injuring or removing tomb or monument; disturbing contents of grave or tomb; penalties.
872.03 Cremating human bodies; limitation.
872.04 Autopsies; consent required, exception.
872.05 Unmarked human burials.
872.06 Abuse of a dead human body; penalty.
872.01 Dealing in dead bodies.Whoever buys, sells, or has in his or her possession for the purpose of buying or selling or trafficking in the dead body of any human being shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083; provided, however, that nothing contained in this section shall be construed to prohibit the obtaining, dissecting, using, and disposing of dead bodies for the purpose of teaching or other appropriate university research by any medical school, dental school, school of nursing, or other university research or teaching unit which is a part of a regularly established or chartered institution of higher learning under the laws of the state.
History.s. 26, ch. 1637, 1868; RS 2625; GS 3545; RGS 5446; CGL 7589; s. 1, ch. 22057, 1943; s. 1, ch. 26724, 1951; s. 1133, ch. 71-136; s. 1407, ch. 97-102.
872.02 Injuring or removing tomb or monument; disturbing contents of grave or tomb; penalties.
(1) A person commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084, if he or she:
(a) Willfully and knowingly destroys, mutilates, defaces, injures, or removes any tomb, monument, gravestone, burial mound, earthen or shell monument containing human skeletal remains or associated burial artifacts, or other structure or thing placed or designed for a memorial of the dead, or any fence, railing, curb, or other thing intended for the protection or ornamentation of any tomb, monument, gravestone, burial mound, earthen or shell monument containing human skeletal remains or associated burial artifacts, or other structure before mentioned, or for any enclosure for the burial of the dead; or
(b) Willfully destroys, mutilates, removes, cuts, breaks, or injures any tree, shrub, or plant placed or being within any such enclosure, except for a person performing routine maintenance and upkeep.
(2) A person who willfully and knowingly excavates, exposes, moves, removes, or otherwise disturbs the contents of a grave or tomb commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(3) For purposes of sentencing under chapter 921, a violation of this section committed by a person in furtherance of a riot or an aggravated riot prohibited under s. 870.01 is ranked one level above the ranking under s. 921.0022 or s. 921.0023 for the offense committed.
(4) This section does not apply to any person acting under the direction or authority of the Division of Historical Resources of the Department of State, to cemeteries operating under chapter 497, any cemeteries removing or relocating the contents of a grave or tomb as a response to a natural disaster, or to any person otherwise authorized by law to remove or disturb a tomb, monument, gravestone, burial mound, or similar structure, or its contents, as described in subsection (1).
(5) For purposes of this section, the term “tomb” includes any mausoleum, columbarium, or belowground crypt.
(6) Notwithstanding subsections (1) and (2), an owner, officer, employee, or agent of a cemetery exempt from regulation pursuant to s. 497.260 may relocate the contents of a grave or tomb:
(a) After receiving a written authorization from a legally authorized person as defined in s. 497.005(43); or
(b) After public notice is posted as required in this paragraph, if a legally authorized person cannot be located after conducting a reasonable search or after 75 years or more have elapsed since the date of entombment, interment, or inurnment. The public notice must be published once a week for 4 consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the county where the cemetery is located. The public notice must contain the name of the cemetery; the name, address, and telephone number of the cemetery representative with whom objections may be filed; the reason for relocation of the contents of the graves or tombs; the names of the human remains to be relocated; the approximate date of the initial entombment, interment, or inurnment; the proposed site of relocation; and the proposed date of relocation. The proposed date of relocation may not be less than 30 days from last date of publication. If no objection from a legally authorized person is received within 30 days from the last date of publication of the public notice, the cemetery may proceed with relocation.
(7) If a legally authorized person refuses to sign a written authorization, as provided in paragraph (6)(a), or if a legally authorized person objects, as provided in paragraph (6)(b), a public hearing shall be held before the county commission of the county where the cemetery is located, or the city council, if the cemetery is located in a municipality, and the county commission or the city council shall have the authority to grant a request for relocation of the contents of such graves or tombs.
History.s. 27, ch. 1637, 1868; RS 2626; GS 3546; RGS 5447; CGL 7590; s. 1134, ch. 71-136; s. 1, ch. 84-230; s. 2, ch. 87-154; s. 1408, ch. 97-102; s. 11, ch. 98-268; s. 1, ch. 2017-40; s. 19, ch. 2021-6.
872.03 Cremating human bodies; limitation.
(1) It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to cremate any dead human body prior to the expiration of 48 hours after the death of such human body.
(2) Anyone convicted for the violation of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
History.ss. 1, 2, ch. 21780, 1943; s. 1135, ch. 71-136.
872.04 Autopsies; consent required, exception.
(1) “Autopsy” means a postmortem dissection of a dead human body in order to determine the cause, seat, or nature of disease or injury and includes the retention of tissues customarily removed during the course of autopsy for evidentiary, identification, diagnostic, scientific, or therapeutic purposes.
(2) Unless otherwise authorized by statute, no autopsy shall be performed without the written consent by the health care surrogate, as provided in s. 765.202, if one has been designated. If a health care surrogate has not been designated, then written consent may be provided by the spouse, nearest relative, or, if no such next of kin can be found, the person who has assumed custody of the body for purposes of burial. When two or more persons assume custody of the body for such purposes, then the consent of any one of them shall be sufficient to authorize the autopsy.
(3) Any such written consent may be given by telegram, and any telegram purporting to have been sent by a person authorized to give such consent will be presumed to have been sent by such person. A duly witnessed telephone permission is acceptable in lieu of written permission in those circumstances where obtaining written permission would result in undue delay.
(4) If after diligent search and inquiry it is established by the chief law enforcement officer having jurisdiction, through his or her examination of missing persons records and other inquiry, that no person can be found who can authorize an autopsy as herein provided, then after a reasonable time, any person licensed to practice medicine under chapter 458 or osteopathic medicine under chapter 459, and whose practice involves the usual performance of autopsies, may conduct an autopsy, without written consent, on the remains for purposes of confirming medical diagnosis and suspected communicable diseases; and no cause of action will be brought against such physician for performance of such autopsy. A reasonable time for purposes of this provision shall be not less than 48 hours or more than 72 hours after death.
History.ss. 1-3, ch. 67-87; s. 1, ch. 70-367; s. 1, ch. 78-34; s. 182, ch. 79-164; s. 1, ch. 93-15; s. 1409, ch. 97-102.
872.05 Unmarked human burials.
(1) LEGISLATIVE INTENT.It is the intent of the Legislature that all human burials and human skeletal remains be accorded equal treatment and respect based upon common human dignity without reference to ethnic origin, cultural background, or religious affiliation. This section applies to all human burials, human skeletal remains, and associated burial artifacts not otherwise protected under chapter 497 or other state law and found upon or within any public or private land in the state, including submerged lands.
(2) DEFINITIONS.As used in this section:
(a) “Archaeologist” means a person who is registered by the Society of Professional Archaeologists with an emphasis in field research or who, in the judgment of the State Archaeologist, meets the training and experience requirements necessary for such registration.
(b) “District medical examiner” means a person appointed under s. 406.06, s. 406.15, or s. 406.17.
(c) “Division” means the Division of Historical Resources of the Department of State.
(d) “Human skeletal analyst” means a person who possesses a postgraduate degree in human skeletal biology, human forensic osteology, or other related area of physical anthropology and who has a minimum of 1 year of laboratory experience in human skeletal analysis and reconstruction.
(e) “State Archaeologist” means the person employed by the division pursuant to s. 267.031(7).
(f) “Unmarked human burial” means any human skeletal remains or associated burial artifacts or any location, including any burial mound or earthen or shell monument, where human skeletal remains or associated burial artifacts are discovered or believed to exist on the basis of archaeological or historical evidence, excluding any burial marked or previously marked by a tomb, monument, gravestone, or other structure or thing placed or designed as a memorial of the dead.
(3) NOTIFICATION.
(a) Any person who knows or has reason to know that an unmarked human burial is being unlawfully disturbed, destroyed, defaced, mutilated, removed, excavated, or exposed shall immediately notify the local law enforcement agency with jurisdiction in the area where the unmarked human burial is located.
(b) Any law enforcement agency that finds evidence that an unmarked human burial has been unlawfully disturbed shall notify the district medical examiner pursuant to subsection (4).
(4) DISCOVERY OF AN UNMARKED HUMAN BURIAL OTHER THAN DURING AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION.When an unmarked human burial is discovered other than during an archaeological excavation authorized by the state or an educational institution, all activity that may disturb the unmarked human burial shall cease immediately, and the district medical examiner shall be notified. Such activity shall not resume unless specifically authorized by the district medical examiner or the State Archaeologist.
(a) If the district medical examiner finds that the unmarked human burial may be involved in a legal investigation or represents the burial of an individual who has been dead less than 75 years, the district medical examiner shall assume jurisdiction over and responsibility for such unmarked human burial, and no other provisions of this section shall apply. The district medical examiner shall have 30 days after notification of the unmarked human burial to determine if he or she shall maintain jurisdiction or refer the matter to the State Archaeologist.
(b) If the district medical examiner finds that the unmarked human burial is not involved in a legal investigation and represents the burial of an individual who has been dead 75 years or more, he or she shall notify the State Archaeologist, and the division may assume jurisdiction over and responsibility for the unmarked human burial pursuant to subsection (6).
(c) When the division assumes jurisdiction over an unmarked human burial, the State Archaeologist shall consult a human skeletal analyst who shall report within 15 days as to the cultural and biological characteristics of the human skeletal remains and where such burial or remains should be held prior to a final disposition.
(5) DISCOVERY OF AN UNMARKED HUMAN BURIAL DURING AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION.
(a) When an unmarked human burial is discovered as a result of an archaeological excavation and the archaeologist finds that the unmarked human burial represents the burial of an individual who has been dead less than 75 years, the archaeologist shall notify the district medical examiner, and all activity that may disturb the unmarked human burial shall cease until the district medical examiner authorizes work to resume.
(b) If such unmarked human burial represents the burial of an individual who has been dead 75 years or more, archaeological activities may not resume until the State Archaeologist has been notified of the unmarked human burial.
(c) Within 15 days after the discovery of an unmarked human burial, the archaeologist conducting the excavation shall report to the State Archaeologist his or her opinion regarding the cultural and biological characteristics of the unmarked human burial and where human skeletal remains and associated burial artifacts should be held prior to a final disposition. The division may assume jurisdiction over and responsibility for the unmarked human burial pursuant to subsection (6).
(6) JURISDICTION; DUTIES OF THE STATE ARCHAEOLOGIST.The division may assume jurisdiction over and responsibility for an unmarked human burial in order to initiate efforts for the proper protection of the burial and the human skeletal remains and associated burial artifacts. Whenever the division assumes jurisdiction over and responsibility for an unmarked human burial, the State Archaeologist shall:
(a) Determine whether the unmarked human burial is historically, archaeologically, or scientifically significant. If the burial is deemed significant, reinterment may not occur until the remains have been examined by a human skeletal analyst designated by the State Archaeologist.
(b) Make reasonable efforts to identify and locate persons who can establish direct kinship, tribal, community, or ethnic relationships with the individual or individuals whose remains constitute the unmarked human burial. If possible, the State Archaeologist shall consult with the closest related family member or recognized community leaders, if a community or ethnic relationship is established, in determining the proper disposition of the remains found in the unmarked human burial.
(c) If he or she is unable to establish a kinship, tribal, community, or ethnic relationship with the unmarked human burial, determine the proper disposition of the burial and consult with persons with relevant experience, including:
1. A human skeletal analyst.
2. Two Native American members of current state tribes recommended by the Governor’s Council on Indian Affairs, Inc., if the remains are those of a Native American.
3. Two representatives of related community or ethnic groups if the remains are not those of a Native American.
4. An individual who has special knowledge or experience regarding the particular type of the unmarked human burial.

If the State Archaeologist finds that an unmarked human burial is historically, archaeologically, or scientifically significant and if the parties with whom he or she is required under this subsection to consult agree, the human skeletal remains and the associated burial artifacts thereof shall belong to the state with title thereto vested in the division.

(7) REPORT REQUIRED.The archaeologist and human skeletal analyst involved in the archaeological excavation and scientific analysis of an unmarked human burial shall submit a written report of archaeological and scientific findings as well as a summary of such findings, in terms that may be understood by laypersons, to the State Archaeologist within 2 years after completion of an excavation. The division shall publish the summary within 1 year after its receipt and shall make such report available upon request.
(8) PUBLIC DISPLAY.
(a) Associated burial artifacts may be made available on loan by the division for educational purposes to institutions that have demonstrated an ability to provide safe, proper, and respectful care.
(b) The division shall develop guidelines and adopt rules regarding the public display of human remains. Such guidelines and rules shall not restrict legal, medical, or educational use of human skeletal remains, or the display of human skeletal remains in a manner not objectionable to groups with a kinship, tribal, community, or ethnic relationship to the individual whose remains are displayed.
(9) EXCAVATION NOT REQUIRED.This section does not require excavation of an unmarked human burial unless circumstances require excavation to prevent destruction of the human skeletal remains.
(10) VIOLATION AND PENALTIES.
(a) Any person who willfully and knowingly disturbs, destroys, removes, vandalizes, or damages an unmarked human burial is guilty of a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(b) Any person who has knowledge that an unmarked human burial is being disturbed, vandalized, or damaged and fails to notify the local law enforcement agency with jurisdiction in the area where the unmarked human burial is located is guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(c) This subsection shall not apply to any person acting under the direction or authority of the division or to any person otherwise authorized by law to disturb, destroy, or remove an unmarked human burial.
(11) RULES.The Department of State may prescribe by rule procedures for reporting an unmarked human burial and for determining jurisdiction over the burial.
History.s. 1, ch. 87-154; s. 219, ch. 91-224; s. 2, ch. 93-114; s. 1410, ch. 97-102; s. 11, ch. 2001-75; s. 21, ch. 2001-199; s. 111, ch. 2006-1.
872.06 Abuse of a dead human body; penalty.
(1) As used in this section, the term:
(a) “Female genitals” includes the labia minora, labia majora, clitoris, vulva, hymen, and vagina.
(b) “Sexual abuse” means:
1. Anal or female genital penetration of a dead human body by the sexual organ of a person or by any other object;
2. Contact or union of the penis, female genitals, or anus of a person with the mouth, penis, female genitals, or anus of a dead human body; or
3. Contact or union of a person’s mouth with the penis, female genitals, or anus of a dead human body.
(2) A person who mutilates, commits sexual abuse upon, or otherwise grossly abuses a dead human body commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. Any act done for a bona fide medical purpose or for any other lawful purpose does not under any circumstance constitute a violation of this section.
History.s. 1, ch. 96-393; s. 11, ch. 2022-165.

F.S. 872 on Google Scholar

F.S. 872 on Casetext

Amendments to 872


Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 872
Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S872.01 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - BUY SELL POSSESS OR TRAFFIC IN DEAD BODIES - M: F
S872.02 1 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - RENUMBERED. SEE REC #8325 - F: T
S872.02 1 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - NO SUCH OFFENSE - M: F
S872.02 1a - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - REMOVE DISFIGURE DESTROY INJ TOMB OR MONUMENT - F: T
S872.02 1b - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - DESTROY MUTILATE TREE SHRUB PLANT WI TOMB MONU - F: T
S872.02 2 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - EXCAVATE EXPOSE REMOVE CONTENT GRAVE OR TOMB - F: S
S872.03 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - CREMATE DEAD BODY PRIOR TO 48 HOUR AFTER DEATH - M: S
S872.05 10a - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - REMOVE VANDALIZE DISTURB UNMARKED BURIAL - F: T
S872.05 10b - FAILURE REPORT CRIME - VANDALIZE DISTURB UNMARKED BURIAL - M: S
S872.06 - CRIMES AGAINST PERSON - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 9774 - F: S
S872.06 2 - CRIMES AGAINST PERSON - ABUSE DEAD HUMAN BODY - F: S



Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

CALVARY CHAPEL DAYTON VALLEY v. SISOLAK,, 140 S. Ct. 2603 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Smith , 494 U.S. 872, 110 S.Ct. 1595, 108 L.Ed.2d 876 (1990), for example, the Court explained that " . . .

MCGIRT, v. OKLAHOMA, 140 S. Ct. 2452 (U.S. 2020)

. . . . § 42, 31 Stat. 872. Plainly, these laws represented serious blows to the Creek. . . . ordinances, and, soon, oversee the federally mandated allotment process. §§ 39, 40, 42, id. , at 871-872 . . . adding the proviso "subject to such further legislation as Congress may deem proper." § 46, 31 Stat. 872 . . . Agreement explicitly said that the tribal government "shall not continue" past 1906. § 46, 31 Stat. 872 . . . it only as long as Congress thought necessary for the Tribe to wind up its affairs. § 46, 31 Stat. 872 . . .

OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE SCHOOL, v. MORRISSEY- BERRU St. v., 140 S. Ct. 2049 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Smith , 494 U.S. 872, 879-882, 110 S.Ct. 1595, 108 L.Ed.2d 876 (1990). . . .

LITTLE SISTERS OF THE POOR SAINTS PETER AND PAUL HOME, v. PENNSYLVANIA, J. v., 140 S. Ct. 2367 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Smith , 494 U.S. 872, 110 S.Ct. 1595, 108 L.Ed.2d 876 (1990), the Court explained that "the right of . . .

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, v. BOOKING. COM B. V., 140 S. Ct. 2298 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Veterans Foundation , 872 F.2d 1035, 1039 (CADC 1989) (Ginsburg, J. for the court) (emphasis added; internal . . . Veterans Foundation , 872 F.2d 1035, 1042-1048 (CADC 1989). . . .

JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES L. L. C. v. RUSSO, v. LLC., 140 S. Ct. 2103 (U.S. 2020)

. . . App. 872-873, 1305; cf. post, at 2155 - 2156 (ALITO, J., dissenting). . . . Id., at 872, 112 S.Ct. 2791. . . .

C. LIU, v. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, 140 S. Ct. 1936 (U.S. 2020)

. . . itself beyond the reach of creditors, and to compel its disgorgement," id., at 316-317, 251 S.W. at 872 . . .

UNITED STATES, v. SINENENG- SMITH, 140 S. Ct. 1575 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Smith , 494 U.S. 872, 110 S.Ct. 1595, 108 L.Ed.2d 876 (1990). . . .

NEW YORK STATE RIFLE PISTOL ASSOCIATION, INC. v. CITY OF NEW YORK, NEW YORK,, 140 S. Ct. 1525 (U.S. 2020)

. . . County of Los Angeles , 279 F.3d 862, 872 (C.A.9 2002) ; Amato v. . . .

REYNA, v. P. BARR,, 935 F.3d 630 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Holder , 760 F.3d 872, 879 (8th Cir. 2014). Reyna's offense of theft by receiving under Neb. Rev. . . .

UNITED STATES v. BAPTISTE,, 935 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Roberson , 872 F.2d 597, 609 (5th Cir. 1989) (sentence of a defendant convicted of fraud properly enhanced . . .

UNITED STATES v. FITZGERALD,, 935 F.3d 814 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Because "a state court's subsequent treatment of a wobbler is controlling," Bridgeforth , 441 F.3d at 872 . . .

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, v. QUALCOMM INCORPORATED, a Oy,, 935 F.3d 752 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Trinko, LLP ("Trinko "), 540 U.S. 398, 408, 124 S.Ct. 872, 157 L.Ed.2d 823 (2004) (second alteration . . . Trinko , 540 U.S. at 409, 124 S.Ct. 872. . . .

BELLITTO, v. SNIPES,, 935 F.3d 1192 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Philadelphia City Comm'rs, 872 F.3d 175, 184 (3d Cir. 2017) ("Nothing in [ACRU's] game of statutory Twister . . .

BOWLES, v. SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,, 935 F.3d 1176 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Sec'y, Dep't of Corr., 872 F.3d 1170, 1180 (11th Cir. 2017) (stating that when a petitioner fails to . . .

ARTHREX, INC. v. SMITH NEPHEW, INC., 935 F.3d 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Matal , 872 F.3d 1290 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (en banc). . . .

NICHOLSON J. H. a J. N. G. a v. CITY OF LOS ANGELES a a, 935 F.3d 685 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Sacramento Sheriff's Dep't , 872 F.3d 938, 946 (9th Cir. 2017). . . .

UNITED STATES v. V. GILLIAM,, 934 F.3d 854 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Brett , 872 F.2d 1365, 1369 (8th Cir. 1989) (internal quotation omitted). . . .

RAWA, A. W. Jr. v. MONSANTO COMPANY, v., 934 F.3d 862 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . In re Genetically Modified Rice Litig. , 764 F.3d at 872 (internal quotation omitted). . . .

STONE, v. TROY CONSTRUCTION, LLC, 935 F.3d 141 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Lackawanna County , 872 F.3d 122 (3d Cir. 2017). . . . suggestive of willfulness was an email that postdated the two appealing employees' overtime violations. 872 . . .

BURKE, v. REGALADO, v., 935 F.3d 960 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Nix , 872 F.2d 800 (8th Cir. 1989), the Eighth Circuit explained that prison officials could be liable . . .

UNITED STATES v. SHAYOTA, v., 934 F.3d 1049 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Wilmore , 381 F.3d 868, 872 (9th Cir. 2004) ; see also California v. . . . Wilmore , 381 F.3d 868, 872 (9th Cir. 2004). . . . See Wilmore , 381 F.3d at 872 (citing Fed. R. . . .

REGAN v. CITY OF HAMMOND, INDIANA,, 934 F.3d 700 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Chicago , 872 F.3d 495, 501 (7th Cir. 2017) (emphasis in original) (citing Nat'l Paint , 45 F . . . Park Pet Shop , 872 F.3d at 501-02 (citing Nat'l Paint , 45 F.3d at 1131 ). . . . Park Pet Shop , 872 F.3d at 501 (citing Nat'l Paint , 45 F.3d at 1131 ); see Davis , 553 U.S. at 338, . . . Park Pet Shop , 872 F.3d at 501-02 ; see Davis , 553 U.S. at 338-39, 128 S. . . . Park Pet Shop , 872 F.3d at 502 (citing Nat'l Paint , 45 F.3d at 1131-32 ). . . .

BOXILL, v. P. O GRADY E. E. T., 935 F.3d 510 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d 860, 872 (E.D. . . .

NALPROPION PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. v. ACTAVIS LABORATORIES FL, INC., 934 F.3d 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . (citing In re Gosteli , 872 F.2d 1008, 1012 (Fed. Cir. 1989) )). . . .

BAUGHMAN, v. HICKMAN K. M., 935 F.3d 302 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Caldwell Cnty. , 826 F.3d 861, 872 (5th Cir. 2016). . . .

UNITED STATES v. G. WAGUESPACK,, 935 F.3d 322 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Cessa , 872 F.3d 267, 271 (5th Cir. 2017) (quotation omitted). . . . Cessa , 872 F.3d at 271. . . .

J. YOCHIM, v. S. CARSON, Sr. U. S., 935 F.3d 586 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Heartland Woodcraft, Inc. , 872 F.3d 476, 481 (7th Cir. 2017) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12111(9)(B) ). . . .

M. MURPHY v. A. A. ENGELHART, 933 F.3d 1027 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Flandreau, 669 F.3d 867, 872 (8th Cir. 2012). . . .

IN RE JOHNSON, v., 935 F.3d 284 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . (alteration in original) (quoting In re Wilson , 442 F.3d 872, 878 (5th Cir. 2006) ). . . .

IN RE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE S SUNDAY TICKET ANTITRUST LITIGATION, Jr. v. LLC LLC NFL LLC LLC LP LLC LLC NFL LP LLC LP LLC LP Co. LLC LP LLC, 933 F.3d 1136 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Standard Oil Co. , 872 F.2d 1401, 1404-05 (9th Cir. 1989), opinion amended on denial of reh'g , 886 F . . .

KELSAY, v. ERNST,, 933 F.3d 975 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 872. . . .

SLOAN, v. SAUL,, 933 F.3d 946 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Astrue , 524 F.3d 872, 874 n.3 (8th Cir. 2008). . . .

UNITED STATES v. IN U. S. CURRENCY, 933 F.3d 971 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Currency , 872 F.3d 342, 348 (6th Cir. 2017). . . .

IN RE MIAMI METALS I, INC., 603 B.R. 727 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . See Mar. 21, 2019 Hr'g Tr. at 32:8-10 [ECF No. 872 ] ("The debtor lenders [sic] would like to bring forward . . .

DEAR, v. Q CLUB HOTEL, LLC, v. Q LLC,, 933 F.3d 1286 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . LLC , 872 F.3d 1161, 1163 (11th Cir. 2017). . . .

HAVLISH, v. FIFTH AVENUE COMPANY, Co., 934 F.3d 174 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Compania Peruana de Vapores "Inca Capac Yupanqui ," 639 F.2d 872 (2d Cir. 1981) (Friendly, J. ), the . . .

H. BURTON, v. KOHN LAW FIRM, S. C., 934 F.3d 572 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . McCalla , Raymer, Padrick, Cobb, Nichols, & Clark, L.L.C. , 214 F.3d 872, 875 (7th Cir. 2000) (interpreting . . .

LAVALLEE, v. MED- SOLUTIONS, LLC,, 932 F.3d 1049 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Heartland Woodcraft, Inc. , 872 F.3d 476, 480 (7th Cir. 2017). . . . McCalla, Raymer, Padrick, Cobb, Nichols, & Clark, L.L.C ., 214 F.3d 872, 875 (7th Cir. 2000) (holding . . .

UNITED STATES v. C. HODGE, 933 F.3d 468 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Inc. , 872 F.3d 645, 653-54 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting Gonzalez v. Fresenius Med. Care N. . . . Inc. , 872 F.3d at 661 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. . . . Inc. , 872 F.3d at 663. The evidence at trial, though, showed the opposite. . . .

UNITED STATES v. L. HARPER,, 934 F.3d 524 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Jones , 872 F.3d 483, 489 (7th Cir. 2017) (internal citations omitted). . . .

IN RE CUTULI v., 389 F. Supp. 3d 1051 (M.D. Fla. 2019)

. . . ."); In re Gay , 415 B.R. 872, 873 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2009) (Briskman, J.). . . .

KORTRIGHT CAPITAL PARTNERS LP, TY v. INVESTCORP INVESTMENT ADVISERS LIMITED,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 382 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . (Trial Tr. at 872-73 (Vamvakas); Trial Tr. at 1051-52 (Erdely).) . . .

PALIN, v. NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY,, 933 F.3d 160 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Elias, 872 F.3d at 104. App'x 472. App'x 481. . . . See Elias, 872 F.3d at 104. Id. . . .

BERGAMATTO, v. BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE NYSA ILA PENSION FUND, 933 F.3d 257 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Co. , 872 F.2d 296, 299-300 (9th Cir. 1989) ); Krauss v. . . .

HAIDAK, v. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS- AMHERST, 933 F.3d 56 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Univ. of Cincinnati, 872 F.3d 393, 400 (6th Cir. 2017) ("The more serious the deprivation, the more demanding . . .

UNITED STATES v. NYGREN,, 933 F.3d 76 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Bonnett, 872 F.3d 1045, 1046-47 (9th Cir. 2017) (per curiam); Batista, 483 F.3d at 197-98 ; Patti, 337 . . . See Bonnett, 872 F.3d at 1047 ; United States v. . . .

STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY, v. MIZUNO,, 933 F.3d 1030 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . See id. at 872. . . .

UNITED STATES v. P. MAZZULLA, 932 F.3d 1091 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Johnson, 848 F.3d 872, 876 (8th Cir. 2017) (quoting United States v. . . . Johnson, 601 F.3d 869, 872 (8th Cir. 2010) ). . . . (citing Johnson, 601 F.3d at 872 ). . . .

GEICO CASUALTY COMPANY, v. ISAACSON R. S. Mo. K. M. a, 932 F.3d 721 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . issue in the declaratory judgment action and the district court had to resolve the split. 218 F.3d 872 . . .

UNITED STATES v. ESCALANTE,, 933 F.3d 395 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Young , 872 F.3d 742, 745 (5th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). III. . . . See Young , 872 F.3d at 746 (joining four other circuits in employing the categorical approach in such . . . See Young , 872 F.3d at 747-48 ("[T]his opinion should not be read as holding that the categorical approach . . .

DALTON, v. NPC INTERNATIONAL, INC., 932 F.3d 693 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 872. . . . Id. at 872. . . .

UNITED STATES, v. RUEDA,, 933 F.3d 6 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Popovski, 872 F.3d 552, 554 (7th Cir. 2017) ("If a calculation under Application Note 3(F)(i) overstates . . .

AMERICAN TUNABOAT ASSOCIATION, v. ROSS, 391 F. Supp. 3d 98 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Marsh , 872 F.2d 497, 500 (1st Cir. 1989) (Breyer, J.). . . . Sierra Club , 872 F.2d at 500. C. . . .

UNITED STATES v. HENNESSEE,, 932 F.3d 437 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Pham , 872 F.3d 799, 802 (6th Cir. 2017) (citing United States v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. FIELDS,, 932 F.3d 316 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Oti , 872 F.3d 678, 700 n.18 (5th Cir. 2017) ; United States v. . . .

DAVIS, v. GUAM M. C. F. P. F. I. M., 932 F.3d 822 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Wilson , 307 U.S. 268, 275, 59 S.Ct. 872, 83 L.Ed. 1281 (1939) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. OCHOA,, 932 F.3d 866 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Wagner , 872 F.3d 535, 542 (7th Cir. 2017). . . .

ORTIZ, v. ADVANCED CALL CENTER TECHNOLOGIES, LLC,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 236 (E.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . McCalla, Raymer, Cobb, Nichols & Clark, L.L.C. , 214 F.3d 872, 876 (7th Cir. 2000) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. MASSIMINO, 389 F. Supp. 3d 357 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Ylst, 826 F.2d 872, 875-76 (9th Cir. 1987) (The mental condition of counsel does not create prejudice . . .

DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. LLC,, 931 F.3d 339 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . J.A. 872-73. . . .

DOLS, v. SAUL,, 931 F.3d 741 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Colvin, 788 F.3d 870, 872 (8th Cir. 2015) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. DOE,, 932 F.3d 279 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . McMahan , 872 F.3d 717, 718 (5th Cir. 2017). . . . See McMahan , 872 F.3d at 718 (citing United States v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. BONIN,, 932 F.3d 523 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Anzaldi , 800 F.3d 872, 882 (7th Cir. 2015). . . .

P. J. BY THROUGH MR. MRS. W. J. L. G. MR. MRS. L. G. M. L. MR. MRS. J. L. Mr. v. CONNECTICUT STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, 931 F.3d 156 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . See id. at ECF No. 872. . . .

FACIANE, v. SUN LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY OF CANADA,, 931 F.3d 412 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Co. , 872 F.3d 721, 725 (5th Cir. 2017) (quotation omitted). . . .

E. CHAMBERS, v. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 77 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Univ., 387 F.3d 872, 877, 879 (D.C. . . . Supp. 2d 97, 111 (D.D.C. 2001), aff'd, 387 F.3d 872 (D.C. Cir. 2004) ; see also Arrington v. . . .

RODRIGUEZ v. CITY OF SAN JOSE, 930 F.3d 1123 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Hawkins , 249 F.3d 867, 872 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Minnesota v. . . .

W. EATON, v. PACHECO,, 931 F.3d 1009 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dep't of Corr. , 872 F.3d 1137, 1151-52 (11th Cir. 2017) (concluding that state court adjudicated both . . .

WALKER, v. UNITED STATES v., 931 F.3d 467 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Verwiebe , 872 F.3d 408 (6th Cir.), amended , 874 F.3d 258 (6th Cir. 2017), was published days before . . .

UNITED STATES v. WALKER,, 931 F.3d 576 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Young , 872 F.3d 742, 745-47 (5th Cir. 2017) ; White , 782 F.3d at 1137. . . .

LUNA- GARCIA, v. P. BARR, U. S., 932 F.3d 285 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Sessions , 885 F.3d 862, 872 (5th Cir. 2018). . . .

STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY COMPANY, v. AMAZON. COM, INC., 390 F. Supp. 3d 964 (W.D. Wis. 2019)

. . . Miller , 154 Wis.2d 538, 453 N.W.2d 872, 879 (1990), is particularly instructive. . . .

BRAEBURN INC. v. UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . FDA , 872 F. . . .

PRESQUE ISLE COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY, v. HIGHMARK HEALTH, f k a f k a, 391 F. Supp. 3d 485 (W.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . United States , 345 U.S. 594, 611, 73 S.Ct. 872, 97 L.Ed. 1277 (1953) ("the essence of illegality in . . .

IN RE LICKING RIVER MINING, LLC, v. LLC,, 603 B.R. 336 (Bankr. E.D. Ky. 2019)

. . . Corp.) , 872 F.2d 739, 743 (6th Cir. 1989) (citation omitted). . . .

TAYLOR, v. GRUBBS v. LT. SCDC SCDC DOE, DOE, AI v. SCDC LT MR C, 930 F.3d 611 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Corp. , 872 F.2d 692, 700 n.4 (5th Cir. 1989) (explaining that the "judicial system is sufficiently lethargic . . .

SMITH v. UNITED STATES, 930 F.3d 978 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States, 902 F.3d 868, 872-73 (8th Cir. 2018) ; cf. United States v. . . .

SAID, v. NATIONAL RAILROAD PASSENGER CORPORATION,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 46 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Supp. 865, 872 (D.D.C. 1988) (citing 45 U.S.C. §§ 151 - 88 (1987) ), aff'd, 889 F.2d 291 (D.C. . . .

E. A. J. A. A. v. K. GARDNER,, 929 F.3d 922 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Blue Cross & Blue Shield United of Wisconsin , 112 F.3d 869, 872 (7th Cir. 1997). See Doe v. . . .

ADAME- HERNANDEZ, v. P. BARR,, 929 F.3d 1020 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Holder, 760 F.3d 872, 878 n.5 (8th Cir. 2014). . . .

UNITED STATES v. BROWN,, 929 F.3d 1030 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Payne-Owens , 845 F.3d 868, 872 (8th Cir. 2017) (internal quotations omitted). . . .

MEZA- LOPEZ, v. UNITED STATES, 929 F.3d 1041 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Hopkins, 151 F.3d 872, 874 (8th Cir. 1998). . . .

WESTERN WATERSHEDS PROJECT, v. BERNHARDT,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 1225 (D. Or. 2019)

. . . Marsh , 872 F.2d 497, 500 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Sierra Club v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng'rs , 990 F. . . . Marsh , 872 F.2d at 500 (emphasis in original). . . .

UNITED STATES v. RODR GUEZ- SOSTRE, 392 F. Supp. 3d 259 (D. P.R. 2019)

. . . Mercado-Flores, 872 F.3d 25, 28 (1st Cir. 2017) (holding that when "a judgment of conviction is entered . . .

ALARM DETECTION SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED, v. ORLAND FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT,, 929 F.3d 865 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Trinko, LLP , 540 U.S. 398, 410, 124 S.Ct. 872, 157 L.Ed.2d 823 (2004). . . . McKeesport , 872 F.2d 1144, 1150 (3d Cir. 1989) (applying Fisher to exclusive-dealing claims under both . . .

PHILLIPS, v. V. SPENCER,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 136 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Marriott Corp. , 872 F. Supp. 1069, 1073 (D.D.C. 1995), aff'd , 79 F.3d 169 (D.C. Cir. 1996). . . .

GREEN, v. KENNEWAY,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 275 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Fair , 872 F.2d 1093, 1102-03 (1st Cir. 1989) ; see also Scarpa , 38 F.3d at 8. . . .

S. R. NEHAD K. R. v. N. BROWDER, 929 F.3d 1125 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Glenn , 673 F.3d at 872 ; see also Hayes v. . . .

K. B. BY AND THROUGH QASSIS v. METHODIST HEALTHCARE MEMPHIS HOSPITALS, Le s, 929 F.3d 795 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Jacobson , 823 F.3d 872, 879 (6th Cir. 2016). II. Federal courts have limited jurisdiction. . . .

UNITED STATES v. PETRUK, v., 929 F.3d 952 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Johnson, 848 F.3d 872, 877 (8th Cir. 2017) ), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 138 S. . . .

UNITED STATES v. OSMAN, 929 F.3d 962 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Whirlwind Soldier , 499 F.3d 862, 872 (8th Cir. 2007) (noting that "the defendant's role in the offense . . .

QUAKE, v. LO,, 928 F.3d 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . CaptionCall, LLC , 872 F.3d 1267, 1272-1275 (Fed. Cir. 2017). . . .

H. WILSON, v. SAFELITE GROUP, INC., 930 F.3d 429 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Jacobson , 823 F.3d 872, 879 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting Davila , 542 U.S. at 209, 124 S.Ct. 2488 ). . . .

CRUZ v. P. BARR, U. S., 929 F.3d 304 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Sessions , 872 F.3d 713, 715 & n.1 (5th Cir. 2017) (collecting cases). Singh v. . . .

MIDCAP MEDIA FINANCE, L. L. C. v. PATHWAY DATA, INCORPORATED,, 929 F.3d 310 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Penrod Drilling Co. , 872 F.2d 1221, 1228 (5th Cir. 1989) (per curiam) (collecting cases). . . . Molett , 872 F.2d at 1228. . . . Molett , 872 F.2d at 1228. * * * The state courts have general jurisdiction. Federal ones do not. . . .

UNITED STATES v. HASSAN- SALEH- MOHAMAD,, 930 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Blodgett, 872 F.3d 66, 71 (1st Cir. 2017) ; see United States v. . . .

REID v. DONELAN,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 201 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Sessions, 872 F.3d 976, 1000 (9th Cir. 2017) (requiring consideration of these factors for non-criminal . . . See Hernandez, 872 F.3d at 990. . . .

FOX v. AMAZON. COM, INC., 930 F.3d 415 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Grogan, 535 S.W.3d at 872-73 & n.10. For instance, in Biscan v. . . . See Grogan , 535 S.W.3d at 872-73. . . .

IN RE EDWARDS, v. a, 601 B.R. 660 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2019)

. . . SBC Commc'n, Inc. , 418 F.3d 870, 872-73 (8th Cir. 2005). . . .