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Florida Statute 874 | Lawyer Caselaw & Research
F.S. 874 Case Law from Google Scholar
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The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XLVI
CRIMES
Chapter 874
CRIMINAL GANG ENFORCEMENT AND PREVENTION
View Entire Chapter
CHAPTER 874
CHAPTER 874
CRIMINAL GANG ENFORCEMENT AND PREVENTION
874.01 Short title.
874.02 Legislative findings and intent.
874.03 Definitions.
874.04 Gang-related offenses; enhanced penalties.
874.045 Arrest and prosecution under other provisions.
874.05 Causing, encouraging, soliciting, or recruiting criminal gang membership.
874.06 Civil cause of action.
874.08 Criminal gang activity and recruitment; forfeiture.
874.09 Crime data information.
874.10 Directing the activities of a criminal gang.
874.11 Electronic communication.
874.12 Identification documents; unlawful possession or creation.
874.01 Short title.This chapter may be cited as the “Criminal Gang Prevention Act.”
History.s. 1, ch. 90-207; s. 34, ch. 96-388; s. 5, ch. 2008-238.
874.02 Legislative findings and intent.
(1) The Legislature finds that it is the right of every person, regardless of race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, age, sexual orientation, or handicap, to be secure and protected from fear, intimidation, and physical harm caused by the activities of criminal gangs and their members. It is not the intent of this chapter to interfere with the exercise of the constitutionally protected rights of freedom of expression and association. The Legislature recognizes the constitutional right of every citizen to harbor and express beliefs on any lawful subject whatsoever, to lawfully associate with others who share similar beliefs, to petition lawfully constituted authority for a redress of perceived grievances, and to participate in the electoral process.
(2) The Legislature finds, however, that the state is facing a mounting crisis caused by criminal gangs whose members threaten and terrorize peaceful citizens and commit a multitude of crimes. These criminal gang activities, both individually and collectively, present a clear and present danger. Street gangs, terrorist organizations, and hate groups have evolved into increasingly sophisticated and complex organized crime groups in their criminal tactics, schemes, and brutality. The state has a compelling interest in preventing criminal gang activity and halting the real and present danger posed by the proliferation of criminal gangs and the graduation from more primitive forms of criminal gangs to highly sophisticated criminal gangs. For these reasons, the Legislature finds that the provisions of this chapter are essential to maintain public order and safety.
(3) It is the intent of the Legislature to outlaw certain conduct associated with the existence and proliferation of criminal gangs, provide enhanced criminal penalties, and eliminate the patterns, profits, proceeds, instrumentalities, and property facilitating criminal gang activity, including criminal gang recruitment.
(4) The Legislature finds that the timely reporting and exchange of criminal gang information facilitates the ability of law enforcement agencies to monitor and anticipate criminal activities of gangs and their members. Additionally, the timely and standardized reporting of such criminal gang information supports the identification of gang members via the criminal justice information system and directly contributes to law enforcement officers’ safety. For these reasons, it is the intent of the Legislature to encourage state and local law enforcement agencies to facilitate the exchange of crime data information through the statewide criminal gang database as provided in s. 874.09.
History.s. 1, ch. 90-207; s. 74, ch. 94-209; s. 56, ch. 95-267; s. 35, ch. 96-388; s. 6, ch. 2008-238.
874.03 Definitions.As used in this chapter:
(1) “Criminal gang” means a formal or informal ongoing organization, association, or group that has as one of its primary activities the commission of criminal or delinquent acts, and that consists of three or more persons who have a common name or common identifying signs, colors, or symbols, including, but not limited to, terrorist organizations and hate groups.
(a) As used in this subsection, “ongoing” means that the organization was in existence during the time period charged in a petition, information, indictment, or action for civil injunctive relief.
(b) As used in this subsection, “primary activities” means that a criminal gang spends a substantial amount of time engaged in such activity, although such activity need not be the only, or even the most important, activity in which the criminal gang engages.
(2) “Criminal gang associate” means a person who:
(a) Admits to criminal gang association; or
(b) Meets any single defining criterion for criminal gang membership described in subsection (3).
(3) “Criminal gang member” is a person who meets two or more of the following criteria:
(a) Admits to criminal gang membership.
(b) Is identified as a criminal gang member by a parent or guardian.
(c) Is identified as a criminal gang member by a documented reliable informant.
(d) Adopts the style of dress of a criminal gang.
(e) Adopts the use of a hand sign identified as used by a criminal gang.
(f) Has a tattoo identified as used by a criminal gang.
(g) Associates with one or more known criminal gang members.
(h) Is identified as a criminal gang member by an informant of previously untested reliability and such identification is corroborated by independent information.
(i) Is identified as a criminal gang member by physical evidence.
(j) Has been observed in the company of one or more known criminal gang members four or more times. Observation in a custodial setting requires a willful association. It is the intent of the Legislature to allow this criterion to be used to identify gang members who recruit and organize in jails, prisons, and other detention settings.
(k) Has authored any communication indicating responsibility for the commission of any crime by the criminal gang.

Where a single act or factual transaction satisfies the requirements of more than one of the criteria in this subsection, each of those criteria has thereby been satisfied for the purposes of the statute.

(4) “Criminal gang-related activity” means:
(a) An activity committed with the intent to benefit, promote, or further the interests of a criminal gang, or for the purposes of increasing a person’s own standing or position within a criminal gang;
(b) An activity in which the participants are identified as criminal gang members or criminal gang associates acting individually or collectively to further any criminal purpose of a criminal gang;
(c) An activity that is identified as criminal gang activity by a documented reliable informant; or
(d) An activity that is identified as criminal gang activity by an informant of previously untested reliability and such identification is corroborated by independent information.
(5) “Electronic communication” has the meaning provided in s. 934.02 and includes, but is not limited to, photographs, video, telephone communications, text messages, facsimile, electronic mail messages as defined in s. 668.602, and instant message real-time communications with other individuals through the Internet or other means.
(6) “Hate group” means an organization whose primary purpose is to promote animosity, hostility, and malice against a person or persons or against the property of a person or persons because of race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or national origin.
(7) “Terrorist organization” means any organized group engaged in or organized for the purpose of engaging in terrorism as defined in s. 775.30. This definition shall not be construed to prevent prosecution under this chapter of individuals acting alone.
History.s. 1, ch. 90-207; s. 75, ch. 94-209; s. 36, ch. 96-388; s. 7, ch. 2008-238; s. 11, ch. 2017-37.
874.04 Gang-related offenses; enhanced penalties.Upon a finding by the factfinder that the defendant committed the charged offense for the purpose of benefiting, promoting, or furthering the interests of a criminal gang, the penalty for any felony or misdemeanor, or any delinquent act or violation of law which would be a felony or misdemeanor if committed by an adult, may be enhanced. Penalty enhancement affects the applicable statutory maximum penalty only. Each of the findings required as a basis for such sentence shall be found beyond a reasonable doubt. The enhancement will be as follows:
(1)(a) A misdemeanor of the second degree may be punished as if it were a misdemeanor of the first degree.
(b) A misdemeanor of the first degree may be punished as if it were a felony of the third degree. For purposes of sentencing under chapter 921 and determining incentive gain-time eligibility under chapter 944, such offense is ranked in level 1 of the offense severity ranking chart. The criminal gang multiplier in s. 921.0024 does not apply to misdemeanors enhanced under this paragraph.
(2)(a) A felony of the third degree may be punished as if it were a felony of the second degree.
(b) A felony of the second degree may be punished as if it were a felony of the first degree.
(c) A felony of the first degree may be punished as if it were a life felony.

For purposes of sentencing under chapter 921 and determining incentive gain-time eligibility under chapter 944, such felony offense is ranked as provided in s. 921.0022 or s. 921.0023, and without regard to the penalty enhancement in this subsection.

History.s. 1, ch. 90-207; s. 76, ch. 94-209; s. 23, ch. 95-184; s. 37, ch. 96-388; s. 21, ch. 97-194; s. 1, ch. 2001-126; s. 8, ch. 2008-238.
874.045 Arrest and prosecution under other provisions.Nothing in this chapter shall prohibit the arrest and prosecution of a criminal gang member under chapter 876, chapter 895, chapter 896, s. 893.20, or any other applicable provision of law except to the extent otherwise prohibited pursuant to a statutory or constitutional provision.
History.s. 9, ch. 2008-238.
874.05 Causing, encouraging, soliciting, or recruiting criminal gang membership.
(1)(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b), a person who intentionally causes, encourages, solicits, or recruits another person to become a criminal gang member where a condition of membership or continued membership is the commission of any crime commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(b) A person who commits a second or subsequent violation of this subsection commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(2)(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b), a person who intentionally causes, encourages, solicits, or recruits another person under 13 years of age to become a criminal gang member where a condition of membership or continued membership is the commission of any crime commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(b) A person who commits a second or subsequent violation of this subsection commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
History.s. 38, ch. 96-388; s. 10, ch. 2008-238; s. 2, ch. 2013-80.
874.06 Civil cause of action.
(1) A person or organization establishing, by clear and convincing evidence, coercion, intimidation, threats, or other harm to that person or organization in violation of this chapter has a civil cause of action for treble damages, an injunction, or any other appropriate relief in law or equity. Upon prevailing, the plaintiff may recover attorney’s fees in the trial and appellate courts and the costs of investigation and litigation that are reasonably incurred.
(2)(a) For purposes of this subsection, the term “state” includes any of the state’s agencies, instrumentalities, subdivisions, or municipalities, and includes, but is not limited to, state attorneys and the Office of Statewide Prosecution of the Department of Legal Affairs.
(b) In addition to any remedies provided for by ss. 60.05 and 823.05, the state has a civil cause of action against any person or organization if it proves by clear and convincing evidence that it has been injured by reason of a violation of this chapter by the person or organization. The state has a civil cause of action for treble damages, injunctive relief, or any other relief in law or equity which the court deems appropriate. If the state prevails, it may also recover attorney’s fees in the trial and appellate courts and the costs of investigation and litigation that are reasonably incurred. The state may not recover punitive damages. The defendant is entitled to recover reasonable attorney’s fees and court costs if the court finds that the state raised a claim that was without factual or legal support and was vexatious, frivolous, or brought in bad faith.
(3) A prevailing plaintiff under subsection (1) has a right or claim that is superior to any right or claim that the state has in the same property or proceeds.
(4) A person who knowingly violates a temporary or permanent order issued under this section or s. 60.05 commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
History.s. 1, ch. 90-207; s. 39, ch. 96-388; s. 11, ch. 2008-238.
874.08 Criminal gang activity and recruitment; forfeiture.All profits, proceeds, and instrumentalities of criminal gang activity and all property used or intended or attempted to be used to facilitate the criminal activity of any criminal gang or of any criminal gang member; and all profits, proceeds, and instrumentalities of criminal gang recruitment and all property used or intended or attempted to be used to facilitate criminal gang recruitment are subject to seizure and forfeiture under the Florida Contraband Forfeiture Act, s. 932.704.
History.s. 1, ch. 90-207; s. 77, ch. 94-209; s. 55, ch. 95-267; s. 40, ch. 96-388; s. 12, ch. 2008-238.
874.09 Crime data information.
(1) The Department of Law Enforcement may:
(a) Develop and manage a statewide criminal gang database to facilitate the exchange of information pursuant to the intent and purpose of this chapter.
(b) Notify all law enforcement agencies that reports of criminal gang members or associates shall be entered into the database as soon as the minimum level of data specified by the department is available to the reporting agency and no waiting period for the entry of that data exists.
(c) Compile and retain information regarding criminal gangs and their members and associates in a manner that allows the information to be used by law enforcement and other agencies deemed appropriate for investigative purposes.
(d) Compile and maintain a data repository relating to criminal gangs and their members and associates in order to develop and improve techniques used by law enforcement agencies and prosecutors in the investigation, apprehension, and prosecution of members and affiliates of criminal gangs.
(2) Local law enforcement agencies may:
(a) After carrying out any arrest of any individual whom they believe is a member or associate of a criminal gang, create or update that individual’s electronic file within the database.
(b) Notify the prosecutor of the accused individual’s suspected criminal gang membership or associate status.
History.s. 1, ch. 90-207; s. 41, ch. 96-388; s. 13, ch. 2008-238.
874.10 Directing the activities of a criminal gang.Any person who knowingly initiates, organizes, plans, finances, directs, manages, or supervises criminal gang-related activity commits a felony of the first degree, punishable by imprisonment for a term of years not exceeding life or as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
History.s. 14, ch. 2008-238.
874.11 Electronic communication.Any person who, for the purpose of benefiting, promoting, or furthering the interests of a criminal gang, uses electronic communication to intimidate or harass other persons, or to advertise his or her presence in the community, including, but not limited to, such activities as distributing, selling, transmitting, or posting on the Internet any audio, video, or still image of criminal activity, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
History.s. 15, ch. 2008-238.
874.12 Identification documents; unlawful possession or creation.
(1) For purposes of this section, the term “identification document” includes, but is not limited to, a social security card or number, a birth certificate, a driver license, an identification card issued pursuant to s. 322.051, a naturalization certificate, an alien registration number, a passport, and any access credentials for a publicly operated facility or an infrastructure facility covered under 18 U.S.C. s. 2332f.
(2) Any person possessing or manufacturing any blank, forged, stolen, fictitious, fraudulent, counterfeit, or otherwise unlawfully issued identification document for the purpose of benefiting, promoting, or furthering the interests of a criminal gang commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
History.s. 16, ch. 2008-238.

F.S. 874 on Google Scholar

F.S. 874 on Casetext

Amendments to 874


Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 874
Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S874.05 1 - PUBLIC PEACE - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 7515 - F: T
S874.05 1a - PUBLIC PEACE - RECRUIT ENCOURAGE CRIMINAL GANG 1ST OFFENSE - F: T
S874.05 1b - PUBLIC PEACE - RECRUIT ENCOURAGE CRIMINAL GANG SUBSQ OFF - F: S
S874.05 2 - PUBLIC PEACE - RENUMBERED. SEE REC #S 7516, 7517 AND 7518 - F: S
S874.05 2a - PUBLIC PEACE - RECRUIT ENCOURAGE CRIM GANG 1ST OFF UNDER 13 - F: S
S874.05 2b - PUBLIC PEACE - RECRUIT ENCOURAGE CRIM GANG SUBSQ OFF UNDER 13 - F: F
S874.06 4 - CONTEMPT OF COURT - VIOL INJUNCTION OTHER COURT ORDER RE GANGS - M: F
S874.10 - PUBLIC PEACE - PLAN DIRECT CRIMINAL GANG ACTIVITIES - F: F
S874.11 - INTIMIDATION - GANG MEMBER USE ELECTRONIC COMM TO HARASS - F: T
S874.12 2 - FRAUD - POSS MFGR FALSE OR STOLEN ID TO PROMOTE GANG - F: S



Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

J. TRUMP, v. MAZARS USA, LLP, J. v. AG,, 140 S. Ct. 2019 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Id. , at 874 (Rep. Stewart); see also id. , at 884-885 (Rep. Wright). . . . Id. , at 874. 3 By the end of the 1830s, Congress began issuing legislative subpoenas for private, nonofficial . . .

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, v. COWPASTURE RIVER PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION LLC, v., 140 S. Ct. 1837 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Sadowy , 147 App.Div.2d 874, 876, 538 N.Y.S.2d 96, 98 (1989) ("[T]he subject easement ... reasonably . . .

K. KAHLER, v. KANSAS, 140 S. Ct. 1021 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Trial of Samuel Burt (July 19, 1786), in 6 Proceedings in the Old Bailey 874 (E. . . . United States , 214 F.2d 862, 874 (C.A.D.C. 1954) ("We conclude that a broader test should be adopted . . .

UNITED STATES v. TAYLOR, v., 935 F.3d 1279 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Levin , 874 F.3d 316, 323-24 (1st Cir. 2017) ; Horton , 863 F.3d at 1050 ; United States v. . . . See, e.g. , Levin , 874 F.3d at 323 (determining that there was "no benefit in deterring" the government . . . Levin , 874 F.3d 316, 323 (1st Cir. 2017) ; see also United States v. . . .

L. SMITH, v. SHARP,, 935 F.3d 1064 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Royal, 886 F.3d 874, 888 (10th Cir. 2018) (quotation omitted), cert. denied sub nom. Grant v. . . .

EDMO, v. CORIZON, INC. Al v. Al, 935 F.3d 757 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Supp. 2d 874, 905 (E.D. Wis. 2010). . . .

UNITED STATES v. A. HOPPER,, 934 F.3d 740 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Douglas , 874 F.2d 1145, 1150 (7th Cir. 1989), abrogated on other grounds by United States v. . . . Contreras , 874 F.3d 280, 284 (7th Cir. 2017) (per curiam). . . . Contreras , 874 F.3d at 284. First, with respect to frequency, Mr. . . . Douglas , 874 F.2d 1145 (7th Cir. 1989), abrogated on other grounds by United States v. . . . Contreras , 874 F.3d 280, 284 (7th Cir. 2017) (concluding that "evidence of eight transactions, most . . .

COLE v. CARSON, v., 935 F.3d 444 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Choctaw Cty ., 874 F.3d 425, 429 (5th Cir. 2017), cert. denied sub nom. Choctaw Cty. v. . . .

SENNE v. KANSAS CITY ROYALS BASEBALL CORP. LLC LLC LP St. LLC LLC LLC LLC L. P. L. P. LLC LLC L. P. AZPB L. P. P LLC LLC LP LLP LLC LLC,, 934 F.3d 918 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . See Professors' Amicus Brief at 15-16 (citing Hay, Borchers & Symeonides, Conflict of Laws 874-78 (5th . . .

UNITED STATES v. PAWLAK,, 935 F.3d 337 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Levin , 874 F.3d 316, 322-24 (1st Cir. 2017) ; United States v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. W. HARNEY,, 934 F.3d 502 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Levin , 874 F.3d 316, 322-23 (1st Cir. 2017) ; United States v. . . .

EFFEX CAPITAL, LLC, v. NATIONAL FUTURES ASSOCIATION,, 933 F.3d 882 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . FINRA , 874 F.3d 1268 (11th Cir. 2017), is particularly instructive. . . . Turbeville , 874 F.3d at 1276. . . . Turbeville , 874 F.3d at 1273. Appellant's Reply Br. 28. . . .

RAM REZ- P REZ, v. P. BARR,, 934 F.3d 47 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Sessions, 874 F.3d 334, 336-37 (1st Cir. 2017) ). A. . . .

UNITED STATES v. SAINZ,, 933 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 874 F.3d 1292 (11th Cir. 2017), where the defendant expressly waived his right to bring . . .

SLOAN, v. SAUL,, 933 F.3d 946 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Astrue , 524 F.3d 872, 874 n.3 (8th Cir. 2008). . . .

BRENDA L. v. SAUL,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 858 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Pfister , 874 F.3d 544, 555 (7th Cir. 2017). . . . Berryhill , 911 F.3d 866, 874 (7th Cir. 2018). . . .

C. S. MCCROSSAN INC. v. FEDERAL INSURANCE COMPANY, 932 F.3d 1142 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Am. , 874 F. . . .

MALDONADO L. Jr. v. RODRIGUEZ, Jr., 932 F.3d 388 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Mosby, 874 F.3d 187, 193 (4th Cir. 2017) (listing cases). . . . Attorney is "laden with ideological content," which is the subject of public debate and electoral choices. 874 . . .

J. DOHERTY, v. FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION,, 932 F.3d 978 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Mesirow Realty Dev., Inc., 178 Ill.2d 496, 227 Ill.Dec. 389, 687 N.E.2d 871, 874-75 (1997) (a voluntary . . .

KELLER LOGISTICS GROUP, INC. v. NAVISTAR, INC., 391 F. Supp. 3d 774 (N.D. Ohio 2019)

. . . Mars Petcare US, Inc. , 874 F.3d 953, 956 (6th Cir. 2017). . . .

ALI, v. U. S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,, 931 F.3d 1327 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Att'y Gen. , 881 F.3d 860, 874 (11th Cir. 2018). . . . 2014) (alteration adopted) (quoting Tan , 446 F.3d at 1374 ); see also Bing Quan Lin , 881 F.3d at 874 . . . See Bing Quan Lin , 881 F.3d at 874. . . . See Bing Quan Lin , 881 F.3d at 874 ; Jeune , 810 F.3d at 803 ; Indrawati v. U.S. . . .

SANDHU, LLC, a v. L. KANZLER, Jr. LLC, a, 932 F.3d 1107 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Moss & Barnett, 490 N.W.2d 108, 116 (Minn. 1992) ; see also Noske, 713 N.W.2d at 874 (stating that "[ . . .

UNITED STATES v. HUNTER, 932 F.3d 610 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Quiroz , 874 F.3d 562, 569 (7th Cir. 2017) (quoting United States v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. ELDRED, 933 F.3d 110 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Levin , 874 F.3d 316, 323 (1st Cir. 2017) (noting "no benefit in deterring" the government from "turn . . . Levin , 874 F.3d 316, 321-24 (1st Cir. 2017) ; United States v. . . .

CANT v. M. MOODY S. S., 933 F.3d 414 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Choctaw County , 874 F.3d 425 (5th Cir. 2017). . . .

UNITED STATES v. J. JOHNSON,, 933 F.3d 540 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Verwiebe , 874 F.3d 258, 262-64 (6th Cir. 2017), this court held that Voisine 's rationale applies when . . . Tolliver , 140 Ohio St.3d 420, 19 N.E.3d 870, 874 (2014), takes the position that conviction requires . . .

UNITED STATES v. LAUREANO- SALGADO, a k a L. a k a, 933 F.3d 20 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . See, e.g., Peake, 874 F.3d at 69 ; United States v. . . . Peake, 874 F.3d at 69 (emphasis added and quotation marks omitted). . . . Peake, 874 F.3d at 72. So it is here. . . . Peake, 874 F.3d 65, 72 (1st Cir. 2017) (quoting United States v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. D. RIVERA- CARRASQUILLO, a k a KX, a k a a k a a k a n V a k a, 933 F.3d 33 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Latorre-Cacho, 874 F.3d 299, 301 (1st Cir. 2017). . . . in drug trafficking, and conspiracy to possess a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime. 874 . . . Peake, 874 F.3d 65, 69 (1st Cir. 2017) ; Flores-Rivera, 787 F.3d at 15 ; Maldonado- Rivera, 489 F.3d . . . Peake, 874 F.3d at 69 (emphasis added and internal quotation marks omitted). . . . Bain, 874 F.3d 1, 13 (1st Cir. 2017) ; United States v. Kimball, 25 F.3d 1, 5 n.1 (1st Cir. 1994). . . .

UNITED STATES v. COLLIER,, 932 F.3d 1067 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Engelmann , 701 F.3d 874, 877 (8th Cir. 2012). . . .

UNITED STATES v. THOMAS, v., 933 F.3d 685 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Quiroz , 874 F.3d 562, 569 (7th Cir. 2017) ; United States v. . . .

VIEIRA, v. MENTOR WORLDWIDE, LLC LLC LLC, 392 F. Supp. 3d 1117 (C.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . App. 3d 868, 874, 148 Cal.Rptr. 843 (1978) (quotations omitted). . . .

PAEZ, v. SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,, 931 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States, 874 F.3d 1292, 1298 (11th Cir. 2017) ("[A] court may not override a State's deliberate . . .

FORCE, A. H. H. F. A. L. F. N. E. F, N. S. F. S. R. F. A. H. H. F. A. L. F. N. E. F. N. S. F. S. R. F. A. H. H. F. A. L. F. N. E. F, N. S. F. S. R. F. TZVI S. S. R. M. M. R. R. M. R. S. Z. R. S. S. R. M. M. R. R. M. R. S. Z. R. S. S. R. M. M. R. R. M. R. S. Z. R. v. FACEBOOK, INC., 934 F.3d 53 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . ACLU , 521 U.S. 844, 859 & n.24, 117 S.Ct. 2329, 138 L.Ed.2d 874 (1997). . . .

CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, a v. WELLS FARGO CO. N. A., 931 F.3d 1274 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Osceola County , 222 F.3d 874, 881 (11th Cir. 2000) (quoting Munoz-Mendoza v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. GALECKI, v., 932 F.3d 176 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 874, 102 S.Ct. 3440. . . . Id. at 874, 102 S.Ct. 3440 ; see Moussaoui , 382 F.3d at 472. D. . . .

SEVUGAN, v. DIRECT ENERGY SERVICES, LLC, a, 931 F.3d 610 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Lenart , 226 Ill.2d 208, 314 Ill.Dec. 133, 874 N.E.2d 43, 58 (2007) ("[B]ecause words derive their meaning . . .

COBA v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY, 932 F.3d 114 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Mary Kay, Inc. , 874 F.3d 176, 181-82 (3d Cir. 2017), does not specifically address whether a warranty . . .

GEMINI TECHNOLOGIES, INC. v. SMITH WESSON CORP. a a, 931 F.3d 911 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Auth. , 926 F.3d 870, 874 (D.C. . . .

UNITED STATES v. CORRALES- VAZQUEZ,, 931 F.3d 944 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . No. 64-301, § 19, 39 Stat. 874, 889. . . .

W. EATON, v. PACHECO,, 931 F.3d 1009 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Aldridge , 904 F.3d 874, 880 (10th Cir. 2018). . . . Royal , 886 F.3d 874, 911 (10th Cir. 2018) ("[E]ven assuming arguendo the performance of [petitioner's . . .

TENNESSEE GAS PIPELINE COMPANY, LLC v. PERMANENT EASEMENT FOR ACRES, PERMANENT OVERLAY EASEMENT FOR ACRES AND TEMPORARY EASEMENTS FOR ACRES IN MILFORD AND WESTFALL TOWNSHIPS, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, TAX PARCEL NUMBERS a c o L. P., 931 F.3d 237 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . See United States v. 13,255.53 Acres of Land, 158 F.2d 874, 876 (3d Cir. 1946) ("This question of substantive . . .

WALKER, v. UNITED STATES v., 931 F.3d 467 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Verwiebe , 872 F.3d 408 (6th Cir.), amended , 874 F.3d 258 (6th Cir. 2017), was published days before . . . See Verwiebe , 874 F.3d at 262 ; see also United States v. Haight , 892 F.3d 1271, 1281 (D.C. . . . See Verwiebe , 874 F.3d at 264. . . .

MATSON, v. SANDERSON FARMS, INC., 388 F. Supp. 3d 853 (S.D. Tex. 2019)

. . . Jacobs Eng'g Grp., Inc. , 874 F.3d 437, 443 (5th Cir. 2017). . . . Patton , 874 F.3d at 443 (claims are exhausted if they "can reasonably be expected to grow out of the . . .

FIRST- CLASS MONITORING, LLC, v. UNITED PARCEL SERVICE OF AMERICA, INC., 389 F. Supp. 3d 456 (E.D. Tex. 2019)

. . . Comcast Cable Commc'ns, LLC , 874 F.3d 1329, 1337 (Fed. . . . See Two-Way Media , 874 F.3d at 1338 ("Though Two-Way Media argues that its proposed claim constructions . . . See Two-Way Media , 874 F.3d at 1338 ("To save a patent at step two, an inventive concept must be evident . . . See Two-Way Media , 874 F.3d at 1339. . . . statutory subject matter.' ") (quoting In re Bergy , 596 F.2d 952, 961 (C.C.P.A. 1979) ); Two-Way Media , 874 . . .

K. NARKIEWICZ- LAINE, v. C. DOYLE,, 930 F.3d 897 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Quality Care-USA, Inc. , 874 F.2d 431, 438 (7th Cir. 1989) ), that is not the scenario before us. . . .

L. KEEN, v. C. HELSON, LLC, N. A. N. A. J. P. N. A., 930 F.3d 799 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . App'x 868, 874 (11th Cir. 2010) (holding that plaintiff failed to establish that she had a cause of action . . .

COTTO L PEZ, v. UNI N DE TRABAJADORES DE LA INDUSTRIA EL CTRICA Y RIEGO, X, Y, Z A, B, C, 392 F. Supp. 3d 263 (D. P.R. 2019)

. . . City of Northlake, 518 U.S. 712, 116 S.Ct. 2353, 135 L.Ed.2d 874 (1996) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. BROWN,, 929 F.3d 1030 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 874. . . .

MEZA- LOPEZ, v. UNITED STATES, 929 F.3d 1041 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Hopkins, 151 F.3d 872, 874 (8th Cir. 1998). . . .

MANNING v. CALDWELL, s FOR CITY OF ROANOKE s, 930 F.3d 264 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Civil Liberties Union , 521 U.S. 844, 862-63, 117 S.Ct. 2329, 138 L.Ed.2d 874 (1997). . . .

ALARM DETECTION SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED, v. ORLAND FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT,, 929 F.3d 865 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Maleng , 522 F.3d 874, 890 (9th Cir. 2008) ( Fisher applies when "the potential anti-competitive effect . . .

UNITED STATES v. MUNIZ- SANCHEZ,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 1284 (E.D. Wash. 2019)

. . . Ashcroft , 335 F.3d 874, 884 (9th Cir. 2003) (noting that proceedings are a "legal nullity" when conducted . . .

RIOS, v. JENKINS,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 714 (W.D. Va. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d 874, 882 (M.D. . . .

INC. v. INTERNATIONAL GAME TECHNOLOGY, IGT, DOUBLEDOWN INTERACTIVE LLC,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 828 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Quality Care-USA, Inc. , 874 F.2d 431, 436 (7th Cir. 1989) ; see also McRoberts Software, Inc. v. . . . Gorenstein , 874 F.2d at 436 ; see also McRoberts , 329 F.3d at 572. . . .

UNIVERSAL CABLE PRODUCTIONS, LLC, a LLC, a v. ATLANTIC SPECIALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, a, 929 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Durham , 166 F.2d 874, 876 (10th Cir. 1948) (holding that where an insurance policy expressly excluded . . .

CITY OF LOS ANGELES, v. P. BARR, R., 929 F.3d 1163 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d 855, 874-76 (N.D. Ill. 2018) ; City of Philadelphia v. Sessions , 309 F. . . .

PENNSYLVANIA v. PRESIDENT UNITED STATES D. C., 930 F.3d 543 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Alcon Labs., 874 F.3d 154, 163 (3d Cir. 2017) ("Typically, a plaintiff's allegations of financial harm . . .

S. R. NEHAD K. R. v. N. BROWDER, 929 F.3d 1125 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . County of Orange , 874 F.3d 1072, 1077 (9th Cir. 2017). . . .

UNITED STATES v. PETRUK, v., 929 F.3d 952 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . O'Dell, 766 F.3d 870, 874 (8th Cir. 2014) (per curiam) ("When the issuing judge relied solely upon the . . .

UNITED STATES v. CAREY,, 929 F.3d 1092 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Manning-Ross , 362 F.3d 874, 875 (1st Cir. 2004) (noting that where a conviction or sentence is rendered . . .

PHL VARIABLE INSURANCE COMPANY, v. TOWN OF OYSTER BAY,, 929 F.3d 79 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Mosher , 31 A.D.3d 874, 875, 816 N.Y.S.2d 915 (N.Y. App. . . .

COBA v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY, 930 F.3d 174 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Mary Kay, Inc. , 874 F.3d 176, 181-82 (3d Cir. 2017), does not specifically address whether a warranty . . .

WHITSERVE LLC, v. DONUTS INC. LLC, v. LLC,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 571 (D. Del. 2019)

. . . Comcast Cable Commc'ns, LLC , 874 F.3d 1329, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2017). . . .

FOX v. AMAZON. COM, INC., 930 F.3d 415 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . See Grogan , 535 S.W.3d at 874 ("[T]he question of whether one has assumed a duty to act is ... a question . . .

SIERRA CLUB v. J. TRUMP, T. K., 929 F.3d 670 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . SIDA of Haw., Inc. , 810 F.2d 869, 874 (9th Cir. 1987) ). . . .

MELGAR, v. T. B. BUTLER PUBLISHING COMPANY, INCORPORATED T. B. B. IV,, 931 F.3d 375 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Chevron Chemical Co. , 332 F.3d 874, 880 (5th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted . . .

SUNSET HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION, INC. v. DIFRANCESCO, 386 F. Supp. 3d 299 (W.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . .2d 602, 857 N.E.2d 1133 (2006), and certified question withdrawn , 9 N.Y.3d 888, 842 N.Y.S.2d 764, 874 . . .

QUIEDAN COMPANY, v. UNITED STATES,, 927 F.3d 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Nos. 731-TA-873, 731-TA-874, 731-TA-875, USITC Pub. 4409, at I-25 (July 1, 2013) (conducted pursuant . . .

TD BANK N. A. v. W. HILL, II,, 928 F.3d 259 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . App'x 874 (3d Cir. 2014) ; Commerce Bancorp, LLC v. Hill , No. 08-cv-5628, 2010 WL 2545166 (D.N.J. . . .

BARGHER, v. WHITE,, 928 F.3d 439 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Johnson, 401 F.3d 874, 876 (8th Cir. 2005) (per curium) (PLRA's exhaustion requirements do not apply . . .

UNITED STATES v. KIDD,, 385 F. Supp. 3d 259 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Benjamin, 18 CR. 874 (S.D.N.Y. May 8, 2019).) . . .

L. BLAIR A. v. RENT- A- CENTER, INC. a A- a, 928 F.3d 819 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Int'l Harvester Co. , 142 Cal.App.2d Supp. 874, 299 P.2d 750, 753 (Cal. Ct. . . .

IN RE PETTERS COMPANY, INC. LLC PC LLC LLC SPF LLC PL LLC MGC PAC LLC A. BMO v. BMO N. A. M I, 603 B.R. 424 (Bankr. Minn. 2019)

. . . Rothman , 229 F.Supp.3d 859, 874 (D. Minn. 2017) (citing Glickert v. Loop Trolley Transp. Dev. . . .

DOE, v. CITY OF MEMPHIS,, 928 F.3d 481 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . McLaughlin , 874 F.2d 351, 356 (6th Cir. 1989). . . . McLaughlin , 874 F.2d 351, 357 (6th Cir. 1989). . . . Nationwide, Inc. , 767 F.3d at 625 ; see also Emmons , 874 F.2d at 359 n.8 ("We do not believe that nine . . . McLaughlin , 874 F.2d 351, 358 (6th Cir. 1989). . . .

J. GRESS L. v. FREEDOM MORTGAGE CORPORATION,, 386 F. Supp. 3d 455 (M.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Ct. , 206 Cal.Rptr.3d 636, 377 P.3d 874, 889 (2017) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. HEARTLAND HOSPICE, INC., 386 F. Supp. 3d 884 (N.D. Ohio 2019)

. . . Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. , 874 F.3d 905, 918 (6th Cir. 2017) (citing Antoon, supra , 788 F.3d at 614- . . . Ibanez, supra , 874 F.3d at 916 (citing 31 U.S.C. § 3719(a)(1)(G) ; Prather, supra , 838 F.3d at 774 . . . Ibanez, supra , 874 F.3d at 917. . . . Ibanez, supra , 874 F.3d at 918. . . .

UNITED STATES, v. HAYMOND, 139 S. Ct. 2369 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Wisconsin , 483 U.S. 868, 874, n. 2, 107 S.Ct. 3164, 97 L.Ed.2d 709 (1987) (reserving question whether . . .

CORNER LAND, LLC, v. ANNEX INDUSTRIAL PARK, LLC,, 275 So. 3d 777 (Fla. App. Ct. 2019)

. . . Banco Espirito Santo, International, 38 So. 3d 874 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) and Rubrecht v. . . .

ELBIT SYSTEMS LAND AND LTD. LLC, v. HUGHES NETWORK SYSTEMS, LLC,, 927 F.3d 1292 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . It also found no infringement of the '874 patent. . . . The '874 patent is not before us; nor is the validity of the asserted claims of the '073 patent. . . . The jury found that Hughes did not infringe the '874 patent, a finding that Elbit does not appeal. . . .

UNITED STATES v. WARE, Jr., 385 F. Supp. 3d 529 (E.D. Tex. 2019)

. . . was not a deliberate eliciting), cert. denied , 481 U.S. 1070, 107 S.Ct. 2465, 95 L.Ed.2d 874 (1987). . . .

GLOBAL FORCE ENTERTAINMENT, INC. v. ANTHEM SPORTS ENTERTAINMENT CORP. LLC,, 385 F. Supp. 3d 576 (M.D. Tenn. 2019)

. . . Parsons, 289 F.3d 865, 874 (6th Cir. 2002). . . . Bird, 289 F.3d at 874 (internal quotations omitted). . . .

GELITA USA, INC. v. HAMMOND WATER WORKS DEPARTMENT,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 901 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Plaquemines Port, Harbor & Terminal District , 874 F.2d 1018 (5th Cir. 1989), for the proposition that . . .

THE DUTRA GROUP, v. BATTERTON, 139 S. Ct. 2275 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Ashton , 24 F.Cas. 873, 874-875, (No. 14470) (CC Mass. 1834). . . .

IANCU, v. BRUNETTI, 139 S. Ct. 2294 (U.S. 2019)

. . . American Civil Liberties Union , 521 U.S. 844, 872, 117 S.Ct. 2329, 138 L.Ed.2d 874 (1997) (noting that . . . American Civil Liberties Union , 521 U.S. 844, 882-883, 117 S.Ct. 2329, 138 L.Ed.2d 874 (1997) ; Brockett . . .

UNITED STATES v. FIRTASH, DF,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 872 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Hijazi , 845 F.Supp. 2d 874, 883 (C.D. . . .

REHAIF, v. UNITED STATES, 139 S. Ct. 2191 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Pruner , 606 F.2d 871, 874 (CA9 1979). . . . Pruner , 606 F.2d 871, 873-874 (CA9 1979). . . .

CHARLTON, v. UNITED STATES, 389 F. Supp. 3d 107 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Bain, 874 F.3d 1, 31 (1st Cir. 2017), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 138 S. . . . See Bain, 874 F.3d at 31. . . . its "burden-shifting rule retains the exception for the circumstances outlined in Serrano-Mercado." 874 . . .

AMERICAN LEGION, v. AMERICAN HUMANIST ASSOCIATION, v., 139 S. Ct. 2067 (U.S. 2019)

. . . demolition of the Cross, or removal of the arms from the Cross to form a non-religious slab or obelisk." 874 . . . emphasized the cross's "inherent religious meaning" as the " 'preeminent symbol of Christianity.' " 874 . . . discriminating, and continuing state surveillance" of religion that Lemon was concerned to rule out. 874 . . . an alteration like the one entertained by the Fourth Circuit-amputating the arms of the Cross, see 874 . . . However, the court below "s[aw] fit to apply Lemon ." 874 F.3d 195, 205 (C.A.4 2017). . . . direct contact" with a World War I memorial cross in Bladensburg, Maryland "while driving in the area." 874 . . . See 874 F.3d 195, 207 (C.A.4 2017) (case below) ("Even in the memorial context, a Latin cross serves . . . demolition of the Cross, or removal of the arms from the Cross 'to form a non-religious slab or obelisk.' " 874 . . .

G. MCDONOUGH, v. SMITH,, 139 S. Ct. 2149 (U.S. 2019)

. . . resolved in the plaintiff's favor. 512 U.S. at 484, 114 S.Ct. 2364 ; Prosser & Keeton § 119, at 871, 874 . . . See id ., at 484-485, 114 S.Ct. 2364 ; see also Prosser & Keeton § 119, at 874; Dobbs § 589, at 402. . . .

W. EVES, v. R. LEPAGE,, 927 F.3d 575 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Northlake, 518 U.S. 712, 116 S.Ct. 2353, 135 L.Ed.2d 874 (1996), to argue that LePage violated . . . City of Northlake, 518 U.S. 712, 116 S.Ct. 2353, 135 L.Ed.2d 874 (1996), and Board of County Commissioners . . . Mosby, 874 F.3d 187, 191 (4th Cir. 2017). . . .

HAMIDI, To v. SERVICE EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION LOCAL, 386 F. Supp. 3d 1289 (E.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Hakusan II, 954 F.2d 874, 880 n.3 (3d Cir. 1992) ; see also Augustine v. . . .

PELZER, v. MAHALLY PA, 388 F. Supp. 3d 366 (M.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Carlson , 812 F.2d 874, 878 (3d Cir. 1987) (explaining that court should in some manner review recommendations . . .

RIVAS- DUR N, v. P. BARR,, 927 F.3d 26 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Sessions, 874 F.3d 334, 336-37 (1st Cir. 2017) (quoting Xin Qiang Liu v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. PSZENICZNY,, 384 F. Supp. 3d 353 (E.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d at 874-875 (dismissing the defendant's indictment for illegal reentry because his NTA, which . . .

GAMBLE, v. UNITED STATES, 139 S. Ct. 1960 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Hall , 512 U.S. 874, 943-944, 114 S.Ct. 2581, 129 L.Ed.2d 687 (1994) (THOMAS, J., concurring in judgment . . .

NICOLAIDES, v. DIVINE AND SERVICE, LTD., 382 F. Supp. 3d 251 (E.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . McCalla, Raymer, Padrick, Cobb, Nichols, & Clark, L.L.C. , 214 F.3d 872, 874-75 (7th Cir. 2000). . . .

NICOSIA, v. AMAZON. COM, INC., 384 F. Supp. 3d 254 (E.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Gustin , 874 N.E.2d 1018, 1023-24 (Ind. . . .

A. MOLLET, v. CITY OF GREENFIELD,, 926 F.3d 894 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Indianapolis Fire Dep't , 889 F.3d 872, 874 (7th Cir. 2018). . . .

BASCU N, S. A. E S. A. T V S. A. v. ELSACA, n GM E S. A. s s E n, 927 F.3d 108 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Bascuñán I , 874 F.3d at 814. . . . Bascuñán I , 874 F.3d at 814. . . . See Bascuñán I , 874 F.3d at 820. . . . Elsaca (Bascuñán I ), 874 F.3d 806 (2d Cir. 2017). See Yarur Bascuñán v. Yarur Elsaca , 338 F. . . . See, e.g. , Bascuñán I , 874 F.3d at 810. . . .