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Florida Statute 839 | Lawyer Caselaw & Research
F.S. 839 Case Law from Google Scholar
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The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XLVI
CRIMES
Chapter 839
OFFENSES BY PUBLIC OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES
View Entire Chapter
CHAPTER 839
CHAPTER 839
OFFENSES BY PUBLIC OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES
839.04 County officers not to speculate in county warrants or certificates.
839.05 Municipal officers not to speculate in municipal scrip.
839.06 Collectors not to deal in warrants, etc.; removal.
839.11 Extortion by officers of the state.
839.12 Officer failing to keep record of costs.
839.13 Falsifying records.
839.14 Officer withholding records from successor.
839.15 Judicial officer withholding records.
839.16 Fraud of clerk in drawing jury.
839.17 Misappropriation of moneys by commissioners to make sales.
839.18 Penalty for officer assuming to act before qualification.
839.19 Failure to execute process generally.
839.20 Refusal to execute criminal process.
839.21 Refusal to receive prisoner.
839.23 Officer taking insufficient bail.
839.24 Penalty for failure to perform duty required of officer.
839.26 Misuse of confidential information.
839.27 Restitution and community service.
839.04 County officers not to speculate in county warrants or certificates.Any county court judge, clerk of the circuit court, sheriff, tax collector, property appraiser or their deputies, county commissioner, school board members, superintendent of schools, or any other county officer who buys up at a discount, or in any manner, directly or indirectly, speculates in jurors’ or witnesses’ certificates or in any warrants drawn upon the county treasurer for the payment of money out of any public fund of this state or of any county, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083, and shall be removed from office.
History.ss. 1, 2, ch. 3419, 1883; RS 2558; GS 3465; RGS 5334; CGL 7467; s. 1, ch. 69-300; s. 1014, ch. 71-136; s. 32, ch. 73-334; s. 1, ch. 77-102.
839.05 Municipal officers not to speculate in municipal scrip.Any mayor, marshal, treasurer, clerk, tax collector or other officer of any incorporated city or town, or any deputy of such officer, who buys up at a discount, or in any manner, directly or indirectly, speculates in any scrip or other evidence of indebtedness issued by the municipal corporation of which she or he is an officer, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083, and shall be removed from office.
History.ss. 1, 2, ch. 3464, 1883; RS 2559; GS 3466; RGS 5335; CGL 7468; s. 1015, ch. 71-136; s. 242, ch. 77-104; s. 1318, ch. 97-102.
839.06 Collectors not to deal in warrants, etc.; removal.No tax collector of any county shall, either directly or indirectly, purchase or receive in exchange any Chief Financial Officer’s or the former Comptroller’s warrants, county orders, jurors’ certificates or school district orders for a less amount than expressed on the face of such orders or demand, and any such person so offending shall, for each offense, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.083, and be removed from office.
History.ch. 4010, 1891; s. 40, ch. 4322, 1895; GS 3467; s. 39, ch. 5596, 1907; RGS 5336; CGL 7469; s. 1016, ch. 71-136; s. 1912, ch. 2003-261.
839.11 Extortion by officers of the state.Any officer of this state who willfully charges, receives, or collects any greater fees or services than the officer is entitled to charge, receive, or collect by law is guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
History.RS 2569; GS 3481; RGS 5354; CGL 7489; s. 1021, ch. 71-136; s. 1, ch. 79-132; s. 9, ch. 79-163; s. 1322, ch. 97-102.
839.12 Officer failing to keep record of costs.If any clerk of a court, sheriff, or county court judge neglects or refuses to keep a record book of the costs which she or he charges, she or he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.083. Such record book shall be prima facie evidence in the courts of the amounts charged therein, in all cases in which any such officer is prosecuted for charging more costs than are allowed by law.
History.ss. 3, 4, ch. 3252, 1881; RS 2570; GS 3482; RGS 5355; CGL 7490; s. 1022, ch. 71-136; s. 32, ch. 73-334; s. 1323, ch. 97-102.
839.13 Falsifying records.
(1) Except as provided in subsection (2), if any judge, justice, mayor, alderman, clerk, sheriff, coroner, or other public officer, or employee or agent of or contractor with a public agency, or any person whatsoever, shall steal, embezzle, alter, corruptly withdraw, falsify or avoid any record, process, charter, gift, grant, conveyance, or contract, or any paper filed in any judicial proceeding in any court of this state, or shall knowingly and willfully take off, discharge or conceal any issue, forfeited recognizance, or other forfeiture, or other paper above mentioned, or shall forge, deface, or falsify any document or instrument recorded, or filed in any court, or any registry, acknowledgment, or certificate, or shall fraudulently alter, deface, or falsify any minutes, documents, books, or any proceedings whatever of or belonging to any public office within this state; or if any person shall cause or procure any of the offenses aforesaid to be committed, or be in anywise concerned therein, the person so offending shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(2)(a) Any person who knowingly falsifies, alters, destroys, defaces, overwrites, removes, or discards an official record relating to an individual in the care and custody of a state agency, which act has the potential to detrimentally affect the health, safety, or welfare of that individual, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term “care and custody” includes, but is not limited to, a child abuse protective investigation, protective supervision, foster care and related services, or a protective investigation or protective supervision of a vulnerable adult, as defined in chapter 39, chapter 409, or chapter 415.
(b) Any person who commits a violation of paragraph (a) which contributes to great bodily harm to or the death of an individual in the care and custody of a state agency commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term “care and custody” includes, but is not limited to, a child abuse protective investigation, protective supervision, foster care and related services, or a protective investigation or protective supervision of a vulnerable adult, as defined in chapter 39, chapter 409, or chapter 415.
(c) Any person who knowingly falsifies, alters, destroys, defaces, overwrites, removes, or discards records of the Department of Children and Families or its contract provider with the intent to conceal a fact material to a child abuse protective investigation, protective supervision, foster care and related services, or a protective investigation or protective supervision of a vulnerable adult, as defined in chapter 39, chapter 409, or chapter 415, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. Nothing in this paragraph prohibits prosecution for a violation of paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) involving records described in this paragraph.
(d) This section does not prohibit the disposing or archiving of records as otherwise provided by law. In addition, this section does not prohibit any person from correcting or updating records.
(3) In any prosecution under this section, it shall not be necessary to prove the ownership or value of any paper or instrument involved.
History.s. 19, Feb. 10, 1832; RS 2571; GS 3483; RGS 5357; CGL 7492; s. 1023, ch. 71-136; s. 1, ch. 2002-386; s. 2, ch. 2007-174; s. 303, ch. 2014-19.
839.14 Officer withholding records from successor.If any officer, after the expiration of the time for which she or he may have been appointed or elected, or in case of death, her or his executors and administrators, or the person in possession thereof, shall willfully and unlawfully withhold or detain from her or his successors the records, papers, documents, or other writings appertaining and belonging to her or his office, or mutilate, destroy, take away, or otherwise prevent the complete possession by her or his successors of said records, documents, papers, or other writings, she or he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
History.s. 21, Feb. 10, 1832; RS 2572; GS 3485; RGS 5360; CGL 7495; s. 1024, ch. 71-136; s. 1324, ch. 97-102.
839.15 Judicial officer withholding records.Any justice of the Supreme Court or judge of the circuit court who, upon resignation or on being impeached, fails to file all papers and records in her or his possession belonging to her or his court with the proper clerk shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
History.s. 3, ch. 3007, 1877; RS 2573; GS 3486; RGS 5361; CGL 7496; s. 1025, ch. 71-136; s. 32, ch. 73-334; s. 1325, ch. 97-102.
839.16 Fraud of clerk in drawing jury.If the clerk of any court shall be guilty of any fraud, either by practicing on a jury box previous to a draft, or in drawing a juror, or in returning into the box any juror which had been lawfully drawn out and drawing or substituting another in her or his stead, or in any other way in the drawing of jurors, the clerk shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.083.
History.s. 30, ch. 1628, 1868; RS 2575; GS 3491; RGS 5371; CGL 7505; s. 1026, ch. 71-136; s. 1326, ch. 97-102.
839.17 Misappropriation of moneys by commissioners to make sales.Any commissioner or general or special magistrate, having received the purchase money or the securities resulting from any of the sales authorized by law, who shall fail to deliver such moneys and securities, or either of them, to the executor or administrator, or the person entitled to receive the same, upon the order of the court, unless she or he is rendered unable to do so by some cause not attributable to her or his own default or neglect, shall be fined in a sum equal to the amount received from the purchaser, and commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
History.s. 30, ch. 1628, 1868; RS 2576; GS 3492; RGS 5372; CGL 7506; s. 1027, ch. 71-136; s. 1327, ch. 97-102; s. 100, ch. 2004-11.
839.18 Penalty for officer assuming to act before qualification.Whoever being elected, or appointed, to any office assumes to perform any of the duties thereof before qualification, according to law, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
History.RS 2737; GS 3732; RGS 5757; CGL 7987; s. 1028, ch. 71-136.
839.19 Failure to execute process generally.Any sheriff or other officer authorized to execute process, who willfully or corruptly refuses or neglects to execute and return, according to law, any process delivered to him or her, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
History.RS 2577; GS 3497; RGS 5382; CGL 7421; s. 1029, ch. 71-136; s. 1328, ch. 97-102.
839.20 Refusal to execute criminal process.If any officer authorized to serve process, willfully and corruptly refuses to execute any lawful process to him or her directed and requiring him or her to apprehend and confine any person convicted or charged with an offense, or willfully and corruptly omits or delays to execute such process, whereby such person escapes and goes at large, the officer shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
History.s. 15, ch. 1637, 1868; RS 2578; GS 3498; RGS 5383; CGL 7522; s. 1030, ch. 71-136; s. 1329, ch. 97-102.
839.21 Refusal to receive prisoner.Any jailer or other officer, who willfully refuses to receive into the jail or into her or his custody a prisoner lawfully directed to be committed thereto on a criminal charge or conviction, or any lawful process whatever, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
History.s. 14, ch. 1637, 1868; RS 2579; GS 3499; RGS 5384; CGL 7523; s. 1031, ch. 71-136; s. 1330, ch. 97-102.
839.23 Officer taking insufficient bail.An official who takes bail which the official knows is not sufficient, accepts a surety she or he knows does not have the qualifications required by law, or accepts as a surety a professional bond agent who is not registered with the clerk of the circuit court and qualified to act as surety shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083. An official convicted of violating this section may be removed from office by the Governor.
History.s. 78, ch. 19554, 1939; CGL 1940 Supp. 8663(78); s. 175, ch. 70-339; s. 1032, ch. 71-136; s. 1331, ch. 97-102.
Note.Former s. 903.35.
839.24 Penalty for failure to perform duty required of officer.A sheriff, county court judge, prosecuting officer, court reporter, stenographer, interpreter, or other officer required to perform any duty under the criminal procedure law who willfully fails to perform his or her duty shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
History.s. 317, ch. 19554, 1939; CGL 1940 Supp. 8663(330); s. 176, ch. 70-339; s. 1033, ch. 71-136; s. 32, ch. 73-334; s. 1, ch. 77-119; s. 1332, ch. 97-102.
Note.Former s. 925.01.
839.26 Misuse of confidential information.Any public servant who, in contemplation of official action by herself or himself or by a governmental unit with which the public servant is associated, or in reliance on information to which she or he has access in her or his official capacity and which has not been made public, commits any of the following acts:
(1) Acquisition of a pecuniary interest in any property, transaction, or enterprise or gaining of any pecuniary or other benefit which may be affected by such information or official action;
(2) Speculation or wagering on the basis of such information or action; or
(3) Aiding another to do any of the foregoing,

shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.

History.s. 63, ch. 74-383; s. 39, ch. 75-298; s. 208, ch. 91-224; s. 1334, ch. 97-102.
Note.Former s. 838.041.
839.27 Restitution and community service.A person who is convicted of any offense in this chapter shall be ordered by the sentencing judge to make restitution to the victim of the offense if, after conducting a hearing, the judge finds that the victim suffered an actual financial loss caused directly or indirectly by the person’s offense or an actual financial loss related to the person’s criminal episode. A person who is convicted of any offense in this chapter shall also be ordered to perform 250 hours of community service work. Restitution and community service work shall be in addition to any fine or sentence that may be imposed and may not be in lieu thereof.
History.s. 3, ch. 2015-132.

F.S. 839 on Google Scholar

F.S. 839 on Casetext

Amendments to 839


Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 839
Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S839.04 - CONFLICT OF INTEREST - COUNTY OFFICER SPECULATE IN COUNTY WARRANTS - M: S
S839.05 - CONFLICT OF INTEREST - MUNICIPAL OFFICER SPECULATE MUNICIPAL SCRIP - M: S
S839.06 - CONFLICT OF INTEREST - DEAL IN WARRANTS FOR LESS THAN FACE AMOUNT - M: F
S839.08 - CONFLICT OF INTEREST - REPEALED 2000-243 - M: F
S839.09 - CONFLICT OF INTEREST - REPEALED 2000-243 - M: F
S839.10 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - REPEALED 2000-243 - M: F
S839.11 - EXTORT - BY STATE OFFICER - M: F
S839.12 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - NEGLECT OR REFUSE TO KEEP RECORD OF COURT - M: S
S839.13 - FRAUD - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 8828 - M: F
S839.13 1 - FRAUD - FALSIFY PUBLIC OR COURT RECORD - M: F
S839.13 2a - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 8829 - F: T
S839.13 2a - FRAUD - ALTER DESTR RECORD OF PERSON IN STATE CUSTODY - F: T
S839.13 2b - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 8830 - F: S
S839.13 2b - FRAUD - ALTER DESTR RECORD CAUSE HARM OR DEATH - F: S
S839.13 2c - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 8831 - F: T
S839.13 2c - FRAUD - ALTER DESTR DCFS OR PROVIDER RECORD - F: T
S839.14 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - OFFICER MUTILATE OR DESTROY RECORDS - M: S
S839.14 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - OFFICER WITHHOLD DETAIN ACCESS REC SUCCESSOR - M: S
S839.15 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - JUDICIAL OFFICER WITHHOLD FAIL TO FILE RECORD - M: F
S839.16 - FRAUD - BY CLERK OF COURT IN DRAWING JURY - M: S
S839.17 - EMBEZZLE - MISAPPROPRIATE MONEYS BY COMMISSIONER - F: S
S839.18 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - OFFICIAL PERFORM DUTIES BEFORE QUALIFICATION - M: S
S839.19 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - FAIL TO EXECUTE PROCESS GENERALLY - M: F
S839.20 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - REFUSE TO EXECUTE CRIMINAL PROCESS - M: F
S839.21 - OBSTRUCT POLICE - JAILER OR OFFICER REFUSE TO RECEIVE PRISONER - M: F
S839.23 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - TAKE INSUFFICIENT BAIL BY OFFICER - M: S
S839.24 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - FAIL TO PERFORM DUTY REQUIRED OF OFFICER - M: S
S839.25 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - REPEALED 2003-158 - F: T
S839.26 - INVADE PRIVACY - MISUSE OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION - M: F



Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES L. L. C. v. RUSSO, v. LLC., 140 S. Ct. 2103 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Jacksonville , 405 U.S. 156, 162, 92 S.Ct. 839, 31 L.Ed.2d 110 (1972) (quotation modified). . . .

GEORGIA, v. PUBLIC. RESOURCE. ORG, INC., 140 S. Ct. 1498 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Brown , 34 Neb. 232, 234, 51 N.W. 839, 840 (1892) ("It is an unwritten rule of this court that members . . .

COUNTY OF MAUI, HAWAII, v. HAWAII WILDLIFE FUND,, 140 S. Ct. 1462 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See §§ 105, 208, 86 Stat. 825, 839; see also Water Quality Act of 1987, § 316, 101 Stat. 52 (establishing . . .

THRYV, INC. v. CLICK- TO- CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP,, 140 S. Ct. 1367 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Robert Bosch Healthcare Systems, Inc. , 839 F.3d 1382 (CA Fed. 2016). . . .

BIODELIVERY SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. AQUESTIVE THERAPEUTICS, INC. RX, LLC,, 935 F.3d 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Robert Bosch Healthcare Sys., Inc. , 839 F.3d 1382, 1386 (Fed. Cir. 2016) ; GTNX, Inc. v. . . . whether to institute inter partes review and are therefore 'final and nonappealable.' " Medtronic, 839 . . . Medtronic , 839 F.3d at 1385. . . . not limited to an initial determination to the exclusion of a determination on reconsideration.' " 839 . . .

J. MURRAY, M. D. a v. MAYO CLINIC, a M. D. M. D. M. D. M. D. M. D. M. D. M. D. a, 934 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Westminster , 177 F.3d 839, 860 (9th Cir. 1999), as amended on denial of reh'g (July 15, 1999 . . .

SCRIMO, v. LEE,, 935 F.3d 103 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Kuhlman, 839 F.2d 918, 926 (2d Cir. 1988) (quoting People v. . . .

STONE, v. TROY CONSTRUCTION, LLC, 935 F.3d 141 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . IBM Restaurants Inc. , 839 F. . . .

WOLFINGTON, v. RECONSTRUCTIVE ORTHOPAEDIC ASSOCIATES II PC, a k a, 935 F.3d 187 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Victaulic Co. , 839 F.3d 242, 249 (3d Cir. 2016) (quoting United States ex rel. Schumann v. . . .

COLE v. CARSON, v., 935 F.3d 444 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Lawson , 585 F.3d 839 (5th Cir. 2009). . . .

NALPROPION PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. v. ACTAVIS LABORATORIES FL, INC., 934 F.3d 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Co. , 839 F.3d 1034, 1048 (Fed. . . .

UNITED STATES v. CLARK,, 935 F.3d 558 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Schrode , 839 F.3d 545, 551 (7th Cir. 2016), quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2). . . . Schrode , 839 F.3d at 552. . . .

J. YOCHIM, v. S. CARSON, Sr. U. S., 935 F.3d 586 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Henderson , 237 F.3d 837, 839 (7th Cir. 2001) (explaining that the Rehabilitation Act adopted the standard . . .

UNITED STATES v. NEJAD,, 933 F.3d 1162 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Lo , 839 F.3d 777, 792-94 (9th Cir. 2016) ; United States v. . . .

KOH, v. USTICH,, 933 F.3d 836 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Wise , 880 F.3d 831, 839 (7th Cir. 2018) overruled on other grounds by Lewis v. . . .

DOE, v. COLUMBIA COLLEGE CHICAGO,, 933 F.3d 849 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Monroe County Bd. of Educ. , 526 U.S. 629, 643, 119 S.Ct. 1661, 143 L.Ed.2d 839 (1999) ) (internal quotation . . .

LANDMARK AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, v. DEERFIELD CONSTRUCTION, INC. v. J., 933 F.3d 806 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Automation Aids, Inc. , 896 F.3d 834, 839 (7th Cir. 2018) (stating the standard for a motion to dismiss . . .

HILLOCKS, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES, 934 F.3d 332 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Att'y Gen. , 839 F.3d 273, 282 (3d Cir. 2016). Abbott , 748 F.3d at 159. . . .

RILEY, v. FILSON D., 933 F.3d 1068 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ryan , 733 F.3d 825, 839 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing Phelps , 569 F.3d at 1135-36 ). . . . State , 124 Nev. 1272, 198 P.3d 839 (2008) (en banc)-undermined Hern and our decision citing it. . . .

H. BURTON, v. KOHN LAW FIRM, S. C., 934 F.3d 572 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d 839, 846 (E.D. Wis. 2016). R.42-3. Mr. . . .

UNITED STATES v. TREVINO,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 901 (W.D. Mich. 2019)

. . . Parris , 910 F.3d 835, 839 (6th Cir. 2018) ; see also United States v. . . .

MOGARD, v. CITY OF MILBANK,, 932 F.3d 1184 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Osage Beach , 318 F.3d 832, 839 n.11 (8th Cir. 2003). . . .

BAKALIAN v. CENTRAL BANK OF REPUBLIC OF TURKEY T. C. v. T. C. v. T. C. v. T. C., 932 F.3d 1229 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Rptr. 839, 842 (1983). This is plainly such a case. . . .

UNITED STATES v. BROWN, v. J., 932 F.3d 1011 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bickart , 825 F.3d 832, 839 (7th Cir. 2016). . . .

CHAVEZ, De E. De De De v. OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION, a, 933 F.3d 186 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Village of Palatine , 875 F.3d 839, 841 (7th Cir. 2017), cert. denied , --- U.S. ----, 138 S. . . .

UNITED STATES v. THOMAS,, 933 F.3d 605 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 485 U.S. 759, 772, 108 S.Ct. 1537, 99 L.Ed.2d 839 (1988). . . .

WARREN, v. FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION,, 932 F.3d 378 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Shop Rite Foods, Inc ., 474 F.2d 838, 839 (5th Cir. 1973) (excluding as hearsay, in a defamation suit . . .

UNITED STATES v. COLLIER,, 932 F.3d 1067 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Mentzos, 462 F.3d 830, 839 (8th Cir. 2006) ). . . .

CAMPBELL, H. C. H. v. UNITED STATES,, 932 F.3d 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Robert Bosch Healthcare Sys., Inc. , 839 F.3d 1382, 1385 (Fed. Cir. 2016). . . .

POWER Al B. LLC, v. ERIE FAMILY LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 587 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Equibank, 839 F.2d 188, 192 (3d Cir. 1988) (holding that an action for promissory estoppel could not . . .

SOLUTRAN, INC. v. ELAVON, INC. U. S., 931 F.3d 1161 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Mentor Graphics Corp. , 839 F.3d 1138, 1151 (Fed. . . .

UNITED STATES v. DANIEL A. v. H., 933 F.3d 370 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ortiz-Mendez , 634 F.3d 837, 839 (5th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). . . . Ortiz-Mendez , 634 F.3d at 839 (citation omitted). Alabi's claims are unpersuasive. . . .

UNITED STATES v. GONZALES,, 931 F.3d 1219 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Commonwealth , 269 Va. 44, 606 S.E.2d 839, 841 (2005) (concluding that the common-law crime of assault . . .

CRYSTALLEX INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION v. BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA De S. A. D. C. In De S. A., 932 F.3d 126 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Republic of Ecuador , 839 F.3d 193, 201 (2d Cir. 2016) ); see also De Letelier , 748 F.2d at 795 ("[B . . .

NOVAK, v. CITY OF PARMA, 932 F.3d 421 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Battle Creek , 839 F.3d 513, 520 (6th Cir. 2016). . . . Courtright , 839 F.3d at 517-18, 523. II. . . . Courtright , 839 F.3d at 523-24. . . .

MCCOTTRELL S. v. WHITE, 933 F.3d 651 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 839-40, 114 S.Ct. 1970 ("[S]ubjective recklessness as used in the criminal law is a familiar and . . . doubt that unloading a shotgun above a crowd of bystanders would be criminally reckless. 511 U.S. 825, 839 . . .

S. WILSON, v. WEXFORD HEALTH SOURCES, INC., 932 F.3d 513 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Wexford Health Sources , Inc. , 839 F.3d 658, 662 (7th Cir. 2016). He failed to do so. . . . Whiting , 839 F.3d at 662. . . . Whiting , 839 F.3d at 663. In this case, Dr. . . .

UNITED STATES v. VARGAS- MOLINA,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 809 (E.D. Mich. 2019)

. . . Id. at 831-32, 839-40, 107 S.Ct. 2148. . . .

UNITED STATES v. VILLARREAL SILVA, a k a a k a, 931 F.3d 330 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id . at 839, 107 S.Ct. 2148. . . . Mendoza-Lopez , 481 U.S. at 839, 107 S.Ct. 2148 (emphasis added). . . . relied on that removal order, cannot stand. 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d)(3) ; see also Mendoza-Lopez , 481 U.S. at 839 . . .

BROWN, v. KANSAS CITY LIVE, LLC LLC LLC,, 931 F.3d 712 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . . & Loan Ass'n , 716 S.W.2d 835, 839 (Mo. Ct. . . .

IN RE CA SILVERMAN,, 603 B.R. 498 (Bankr. N.M. 2019)

. . . or controversy is the threshold question in every federal case); see also In re Herrera , 472 B.R. 839 . . .

KRELL, v. M. SAUL,, 931 F.3d 582 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Universal Scaffolding & Equip., LLC , 839 F.3d 599, 607 (7th Cir. 2016) ("Perfunctory and undeveloped . . .

EAST BAY SANCTUARY COVENANT, v. BARR,, 385 F. Supp. 3d 922 (N.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Brush & Co. , 240 F.3d 832, 839-40 & n. 7 (9th Cir. 2001). . . .

EDWARDS, v. PENIX, 388 F. Supp. 3d 135 (N.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . City of Ithaca , 839 F. Supp. 2d 537, 540 (N.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. . . .

KELLER, v. FLEMING,, 930 F.3d 746 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Jacksonville , 405 U.S. 156, 92 S.Ct. 839, 31 L.Ed.2d 110 (1972), the Supreme Court invalidated . . . , 124 S.Ct. 2451 ; Brown , 443 U.S. at 51, 99 S.Ct. 2637 ; Papachristou , 405 U.S. at 170, 92 S.Ct. 839 . . . Compare Papachristou , 405 U.S. at 171, 92 S.Ct. 839 (criminalizing vagrancy on "[a] presumption that . . . See Papachristou , 405 U.S. at 163, 168, 92 S.Ct. 839 (invalidating a vagrancy law that criminalized, . . .

UNITED STATES v. HUNT,, 930 F.3d 921 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bickart , 825 F.3d 832, 839 (7th Cir. 2016). . . .

OBASI INVESTMENT LTD Wu v. TIBET PHARMACEUTICALS, INC Yu Z. L. III Co. L. L. P. L. III,, 931 F.3d 179 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156, 162, 92 S.Ct. 839, 31 L.Ed.2d 110 (1972) (quoting United States v . . .

HARTMAN v. THOMPSON, 931 F.3d 471 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . United Parcel Serv., Inc. , 909 F.3d 834, 839 (6th Cir. 2018). . . .

DIAZ- QUIRAZCO, v. P. BARR,, 931 F.3d 830 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Holder , 558 F.3d 833, 839-40 (9th Cir. 2009), that "[a] conviction for violating a protection order . . .

ERWIN HYMER GROUP NORTH AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES,, 930 F.3d 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Robert Bosch Healthcare Sys., Inc. , 839 F.3d 1382, 1385 (Fed. . . .

FIRST- CLASS MONITORING, LLC, v. UNITED PARCEL SERVICE OF AMERICA, INC., 389 F. Supp. 3d 456 (E.D. Tex. 2019)

. . . Iatric Sys., Inc. , 839 F.3d 1089, 1097 (Fed. Cir. 2016) ; Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. POSADA,, 930 F.3d 881 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Sunmola , 887 F.3d 830, 839 (7th Cir. 2018) (quoting United States v. . . .

IN RE SANDIFER, 603 B.R. 648 (Bankr. M.D. Ga. 2019)

. . . Reynolds Tobacco Co. , 839 F.3d 958, 970 (11th Cir. 2016). . . .

R. BRADLEY, v. VILLAGE OF UNIVERSITY PARK, ILLINOIS,, 929 F.3d 875 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Town of Clayton , 839 F.2d 375, 380 (7th Cir. 1988). . . . Town of Clayton , 839 F.2d 375, 380 (7th Cir. 1988). . . . Civil Town of Clayton , 839 F.2d 375, 380 (7th Cir.1988). "Read more broadly, ... . . . Wilson , 839 F.2d at 380. . . . because "ordinary state judicial remedies for torts" exist for many kinds of property deprivation. 839 . . . Town of Clayton , 839 F.2d 375, 381 (7th Cir. 1988) ("[O]nce the officials who have authority to make . . . Town of Clayton , 839 F.2d 375 (7th Cir. 1988), and Matthiessen v. . . . Town of Clayton , 839 F.2d at 380-82, for the propositions that (1) a single decision by a municipality's . . . Wilson , 839 F.2d at 381 (emphasis added). . . .

MANNING v. CALDWELL, s FOR CITY OF ROANOKE s, 930 F.3d 264 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Jacksonville , 405 U.S. 156, 160, 92 S.Ct. 839, 31 L.Ed.2d 110 (1972) ; Martin v. . . . See Papachristou , 405 U.S. at 166, 92 S.Ct. 839 (observing that "[d]efiniteness is designedly avoided . . . See Papachristou , 405 U.S. at 166, 92 S.Ct. 839. . . . City of Jacksonville , 405 U.S. 156, 92 S.Ct. 839, 31 L.Ed.2d 110 (1972). . . . See also Papachristou , 405 U.S. at 162, 92 S.Ct. 839. . . .

VUGO, INC. v. CITY OF NEW YORK,, 931 F.3d 42 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Prieto , 861 F.3d 839, 842 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc) (" Sorrell did not modify the Central Hudson standard . . .

UNITED STATES v. HANSEN,, 929 F.3d 1238 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . App'x 837, 839 n.2 (10th Cir. 2009) (unpublished). . . .

JUANCHENG KANGTAI CHEMICAL CO. LTD. NAC v. UNITED STATES,, 932 F.3d 1321 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 839 F.3d 1099, 1101 (Fed. . . .

SELLARS, v. CRST EXPEDITED, INC., 385 F. Supp. 3d 803 (N.D. Iowa 2019)

. . . Ryerson & Son, Inc. , 302 F.3d 839, 843 (8th Cir. 2002). . . .

PENNSYLVANIA v. PRESIDENT UNITED STATES D. C., 930 F.3d 543 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Warden Loretto FCI, 839 F.3d 286, 304 (3d Cir. 2016). . . . Mack, 839 F.3d at 304 n.103 ; see Holt v. Hobbs, --- U.S. ----, 135 S. . . .

STARR INDEMNITY LIABILITY COMPANY, v. BRIGHTSTAR CORP., 388 F. Supp. 3d 304 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Patroon Fuels, Inc., 103 A.D.2d 981, 982, 479 N.Y.S.2d 839 (3d Dep't 1984) (citing Schiff Assoc. v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. PETRUK, v., 929 F.3d 952 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Nieman, 520 F.3d 834, 839 (8th Cir. 2008) ). . . .

RODR GUEZ- VILLAR, v. P. BARR,, 930 F.3d 24 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Lynch, 839 F.3d 88, 91 (1st Cir. 2016). . . .

PRIME RATE PREMIUM FINANCE CORPORATION, INC. v. E. LARSON, A., 930 F.3d 759 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Seaboard Coastline R.R. , 705 F.2d 839, 845 (6th Cir. 1983). . . .

CARDIONET, LLC, v. SCOTTCARE CORPORATION,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 442 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Iatric Sys., Inc. , 839 F.3d 1089, 1093 (Fed. Cir. 2016). . . . FairWarning IP , 839 F.3d at 1092. . . .

UNITED STATES v. WHYTE, a. k. a., 928 F.3d 1317 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Jacksonville , 405 U.S. 156, 162, 92 S.Ct. 839, 31 L.Ed.2d 110 (1972) (citation and internal . . .

IN RE J. TRUMP, D. H., 928 F.3d 360 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . a controlling issue of national significance"); In re McClelland Eng'rs, Inc. , 742 F.2d 837, 837, 839 . . .

CORBITT, SDC, a v. VICKERS,, 929 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ct. 834, 839-40, 133 L.Ed.2d 773 (1996). . . .

UNITED STATES v. EVANS, AKA D. AKA C., 929 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Nixon , 839 F.3d 885, 887-88 (9th Cir. 2016) (rejecting the argument that the "appropriations rider suspended . . .

UNITED STATES v. FIGUEROA- FIGUEROA,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 70 (D. P.R. 2019)

. . . Aguirre, 839 F.2d 854, 856 (1st Cir. 1988) ("Before embarking upon the merits of a suppression challenge . . . Aguirre, 839 F.2d 854, 856 (1st Cir. 1988) ; and see United States v. . . . Aguirre, 839 F.2d at 857 ; see, e.g. , United States v. . . . Aguirre, 839 F.2d at 857. . . .

REID v. DONELAN,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 201 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . See id. at 836, 839. . . .

ST. PAUL PARK REFINING CO. LLC, v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD St. Co. LLC, v., 929 F.3d 610 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . City Disposal Sys., Inc., 465 U.S. 822, 829, 104 S.Ct. 1505, 79 L.Ed.2d 839 (1984). . . .

UNITED STATES v. BOLEYN v. v. v. v., 929 F.3d 932 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Satern, 516 N.W.2d 839, 842-45 (Iowa 1994), nor does it require a unanimous verdict that defendant acted . . .

W. WEINSTEIN, v. C. KRUMPTER, E. P. B. I- IV,, 386 F. Supp. 3d 220 (E.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . City of New York , No. 14-cv-839, 2015 WL 13002182, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. . . .

WHITSERVE LLC, v. DONUTS INC. LLC, v. LLC,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 571 (D. Del. 2019)

. . . Iatric Sys., Inc. , 839 F.3d 1089, 1097 (Fed. . . .

SPARTAN CONCRETE PRODUCTS, LLC, v. ARGOS USVI, CORP. f k a USVI,, 929 F.3d 107 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . No. 3 , 85 F.3d 839, 848 n.1, 852-53 (2d Cir. 1996) (exercising plenary review of a denial of a preliminary . . .

UNITED STATES v. FLUTE,, 929 F.3d 584 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Spencer , 839 F.2d 1341, 1343 (9th Cir. 1988). . . . Spencer , 839 F.2d at 1343. Accord United States v. . . . Spencer, 839 F.2d 1341, 1343 (9th Cir. 1988) ("[I]t was well-established in common law that murder was . . .

UNITED STATES v. FLORES,, 929 F.3d 443 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Schrode , 839 F.3d 545, 555 (7th Cir. 2016) (affirmative withdrawal of objections to challenged conditions . . .

UNITED STATES v. GAWRON,, 929 F.3d 473 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bickart , 825 F.3d 832, 839 (7th Cir. 2016) (citations omitted). . . . Id. at 302 ; see also Bickart , 825 F.3d at 839. . . .

EDGE, v. CITY OF EVERETT, a, 929 F.3d 657 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Jacksonville , 405 U.S. 156, 169-70, 92 S.Ct. 839, 31 L.Ed.2d 110 (1972). . . . Papachristou , 405 U.S. at 170, 92 S.Ct. 839. . . . Papachristou , 405 U.S. at 156 n.1, 92 S.Ct. 839. . . .

SIERRA CLUB v. J. TRUMP, T. K., 929 F.3d 670 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of New York , 420 U.S. 35, 42, 95 S.Ct. 839, 43 L.Ed.2d 1 (1975), § 8005 provides some discretion . . . City of New York , 420 U.S. 35, 95 S.Ct. 839, 43 L.Ed.2d 1 (1975), supports the proposition that a claim . . . refusing to allot money Congress had specifically instructed it to spend. 420 U.S. at 42, 95 S.Ct. 839 . . .

LARSON, v. CITY OF ALGOOD, TENNESSEE, v. v., 390 F. Supp. 3d 874 (M.D. Tenn. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d 839, 850 (M.D. Tenn. 2018). . . .

YANBIN YU, v. APPLE INC. Yu, v. Co., 392 F. Supp. 3d 1096 (N.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Iatric Sys., Inc., 839 F.3d 1089, 1097 (Fed Cir. 2016) ); see also Cellspin Soft, Inc. v. . . .

TD BANK N. A. v. W. HILL, II,, 928 F.3d 259 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Co., 839 F.2d 958, 967 (3d Cir. 1988) (citing Webb v. Westinghouse Elec. . . . Co. , 839 F.2d 958, 967-68 (3d Cir. 1988), and Hill neither sought clarification of TD Bank's response . . .

DOE, v. PURDUE UNIVERSITY,, 928 F.3d 652 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Univ. , 839 F.3d 668, 675 (7th Cir. 2016). . . .

ESTATE OF MENDEZ, Sr. Jr. v. CITY OF CERES,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 1189 (E.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Los Angeles , 839 F.2d 621, 624 n. 2 (9th Cir. 1988). . . .

UNITED STATES v. CRUZ- RAMOS,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 720 (W.D. Tex. 2019)

. . . Mendoza-Lopez , 481 U.S. at 839, 107 S.Ct. 2148. . . .

DOE, a a v. DARDANELLE SCHOOL DISTRICT, 928 F.3d 722 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bd. of Educ. , 526 U.S. 629, 633, 119 S.Ct. 1661, 143 L.Ed.2d 839 (1999) (requiring "deliberate indifference . . .

BECK, v. FIGEAC AERO NORTH AMERICAN, INC., 382 F. Supp. 3d 1170 (D. Kan. 2019)

. . . High Voltage Software, Inc. , 839 F.3d 556, 563 (7th Cir. 2016) (cited in Defendant's motion); see also . . .

UNITED STATES v. HEARTLAND HOSPICE, INC., 386 F. Supp. 3d 884 (N.D. Ohio 2019)

. . . City of Battle Creek , 839 F.3d 513, 520 (6th Cir. 2016). . . .

FESSENDEN, v. RELIANCE STANDARD LIFE INS. CO. USA,, 927 F.3d 998 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Co. , 202 F.3d 839, 846 n.3 (6th Cir. 2000) ("[T]here is undeniable logic in the view that a plan administrator . . .

KANE COUNTY, UTAH, v. UNITED STATES, 928 F.3d 877 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ctys. , 100 F.3d at 839-43. . . .

UNITED STATES v. BLASER,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 1306 (D. Kan. 2019)

. . . Jacksonville , 405 U.S. 156, 164, 92 S.Ct. 839, 31 L.Ed.2d 110 (1972) ; Polouizzi , 697 F. . . .

LEFEBURE v. BOEKER, D. D J. Co., 390 F. Supp. 3d 729 (M.D. La. 2019)

. . . Bush , 839 F.Supp. 13, 14 (E.D.Tex.1993). . . . Parish of Jefferson , 999 F.Supp. 839 (E.D. . . .

ESTATE OF NUNEZ BY AND THROUGH NUNEZ, v. COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO,, 386 F. Supp. 3d 1334 (S.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Maricopa County , 422 F.3d 836, 839 (9th Cir. 2005). . . . Id. at 839. . . .

ESTATE OF OSUNA, v. COUNTY OF STANISLAUS, s, 392 F. Supp. 3d 1162 (E.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Police Dep't , 839 F.2d 621, 624 n.2 (9th Cir. 1988) ("Municipal police departments are 'public entities . . .

UNITED STATES, v. DAVIS, 139 S. Ct. 2319 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Prickett , 839 F.3d 697, 698 (CA8 2016). • One defendant committed arson. . . .

J. HIGHT, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 1178 (S.D. Fla. 2019)

. . . Gilbert , 330 U.S. 501, 508, 67 S.Ct. 839, 91 L.Ed. 1055 (1947) ). . . .

NUCOR CORPORATION, USA LLC, AK v. UNITED STATES, Co., 927 F.3d 1243 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 839 F.3d 1099, 1101 (Fed. Cir. 2016) ; Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. . . .